110 
GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 
(378.) United, Lat. Coadunati, Fr. Reunis, Germ. Vcrwaclisne, — 
when they arc connected by no membrane, and yet adhere so closely 
together that they are contained in the same finger-glove (362). 
The Feet are said to be 
(379.) Palmated, Lai. Palmati, Fr. Palmes, Germ. Schwimmfusse, — 
when the fingers or toes are connected together by a membrane reaching 
nearly to their extremities, so as to be fitted for swimming; 
(380.) Semi-paemated, Lat. Semipahnati, Fr. Dcmipalmes, Gerni. 
Halbe Schwimmfusse, — when the membrane between the fingers extends 
to about one half of their length ; 
(381.) Pinnated, Lat. Lomatini, Fr. Pinnes, Gena. Gesaumte Fiisse, 
— when the fingers are supplied with membranes only on their sides. 
(382.) The Web, Lat. Palama, Fr. La membrane pour la natation, 
Germ. Schwimmhaut, — is the membrane belonging to a palmated or semi- 
palmated foot. 
The Feet are said to be 
(383.) Cheikopteeous, Lai. Chiropteri, Volatiles, Fr. Cheiropteres, 
Germ. Flugbeine, — when the fingers of the fore-feet are excessively 
elongated and supplied with a light membrane, so as to adapt them for 
flight. 
(384.) Dermopteboos, Lat. Dermopteri, Fr. Dermoptferes, Germ. 
Flatterbeine, — when the fore and hinder feet are connected together by a 
membrane, wliich is merely an expansion of the skin of the trunk, and 
often extending before imd behind the limbs. 
(385.) The Extensible Membrane or Wing, Lai. Patagium, Fr. 
La membrane extensile, ou L’aile, Germ. Flughaut, — is the membraneous 
appendage of a dermopterous or cheiropterous foot. 
It is said to be 
(386.) Digital, Lat. Digitale, Germ. Zehen-Flughaut, — when the 
membrane extends between the elongated fingers of the fore-limb; 
(387.) Cervical, Lai. Collare, Germ. Halsfittig, — when it extends 
between the neck and the expanded fore-limb ; 
(388.) Lumbar, Lai. Lurabare, Genn. Seitenfittig, — when the mem- 
brane between the fore and hinder limb proceeds from the sides of the 
trunk ; 
(389.) Intereemoral, Lat. Interfemorale, Anale, Germ. Steissfittig, 
— when the membrane extends behind tlu; thighs ; 
(390.) Hairy, Lat. Pelliceum, Fr. Pileuse, Germ. Flugfell, when 
the membrane is thickly covered with hair ; 
(391.) Naked, ZoL Mcmbranaceum, i<>. Nue, Gernu Flughaut, — 
when it is light and destitute of hair. 
The Hinder Feet are said to he 
(392.) Saltatorial or Leaping, JLat. Saltatorii, Fr. Propres a sauter. 
Germ. Springbeine, — when they are nearly twice as long and strong as 
the fore-feet, and fitted for leaping; 
(393.) Ambulatorial Feet, Lai. Pedes ambulatorii, Fr. Les pieds 
propres u marcher. Germ. Gangbeine, — fitted for walking, are such as 
are not palmated, cheiropterous, dermopterous, or saltatorial, but may 
be either fissipede or united ; 
(394.) Fossorial Feet, Lat. Pedes fossorii, Fr. Les pieds propres a 
fouillerla terre, Germ. Gralifusse, — are very broad, and aimed with strong 
Fossorial Nails, Lat. Ungues fossorii, Germ. Grabklauen, — so as to be 
fitted for digging. 
The Feet are said to be 
(395.) Plantigrade, Lat. Plantigradi, Fr. Plantigrades, Germ. Sohlen- 
schreitende Beine when they are destitute of hair as far as the heel, 
from the animal pladng the entire sole of the foot upon the ground when 
walking ; 
(396.) Digitigp.ade. Lai. Digitigradi, Fr. Digitigrades, Germ. Zehen- 
sclireitende Beine, — when they are covered with hair almost to the apices 
of the toes, which alone touch the ground when the animal is walking ; 
(397.) Bisulcate or Cloven, ImI. Bisulci, Fr. Pieds fourchus. Germ. 
Spalthufige, — when the toes are only two in number, insistent (359), 
and nngulated or hoofed ; 
(398.) SuB-RisuLCATE, Lmt. Subbisulci, Fr. Pieds demi-fourchus. 
Germ. Kerbhufige, — when the two toes are almost united, and their 
apices alone are free and covered with hoofs ; 
(399.) Soliddngulate, Lat- Solidunguli, Fr. Solipedes, Germ. F.in- 
hufige, — when the foot consists of a single finger, covered by a single hoof; 
(400.) Unguicdlate, — when the toes are furnished with nails ; 
(401.) Ungulate,— when they are protected by hoofs; 
(402.) Triungolate, Quadriungulate, or Moltungulate, — when 
they .ire protected by three, four, or more hoofs. 
(403.) The Side-Hoofs, Lai. Ungulm succenturiatm, Fr. Onglons 
surnumeraires. Germ. Nebenhufe, — are the hoofs of elevated toes (360), 
found in bisulcate and multungulate feet. 
, XVII.— THE SKIN. 
(404.) The Skin, Lat. Cutis, Fr. La peau, Germ. Haut — is the 
general integument of the entire body, composed of several layers. See 
page 89. 
It is said to be 
(405.) Loose, Lat. T.axa, Fr. Lache, Germ. Schlotternde, — when it 
hangs down and forms folds. 
(406.) The Dew-Lap, Ini. Palearia, Fr. Le fanon. Germ. Wamme, 
— is a loose skin hanging from the neck and fore-part of the breast, as in 
the Bull. 
(407.) The Hump, Lat. Tophus, Gibber, Fr. La bossc. Germ. Hok- 
kcr, — ^is a broad and swelling projection, formed of fat under the skin, as 
in the Indian Bull. 
(408.) The Callosity, Lat. Callus, Fr. Lccallosite, Germ. Schwiele, 
— is a naked skin protected by a hard and horny epidermis, upon which 
some animals rest upon the ground, as the Camels and Dromedaries. It 
is also found on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the 
thighs of some Apes. 
(409.) A Wart, Lat. Verruca, Fr. Une Verrue, Germ. Warze, — is a ' 
small, hard, and round tumour. 
(410.) The Scales, Lai. Squama;, Fr. Ecailles, Germ. Schuppen, — 
are flat, horny, or bony parts, inserted on the skin, and frequently imbri- 
cated, or arranged one over the other, like the tiles of a bouse. 
(411.) The Shield, Shell, or Coat of Mail, Lat. Lorica, Clypeus, 
Testa, Fr. Le bouclier, ou la plaque. Germ. Panzer. Scbild. Scliale,— 
is a homy or bony case covering the trunk and tail, or the most part of 
them, as in the Arinadillocs. 
It is said to be 
(412.) Areolated, Lai. Scutulata, Fr. PlaqnS, Germ. Getafelter, 
— when the surface of the shield is covfered by regular partitions, and a 
shining epidermis. 
(413.) The Areola of a Shield. Lat. Scutiilum, Assula, Fr. Le 
compartiment d’un bouclier. Germ. Feld, Scliildchen,— is each partition 
of an areolated shield. 
(414.) The Bands, Lat. Cingula, Zonae, Fr. Les bandes transversales. 
Germ. Giirtel, — are the distinct divisions of a tiansverse shield, and move- 
able by means of the skin. 
(415.) The Tail-Rings, Lat. Gyri, annuli, Fr. Los anneaiix d’ecailles, 
Germ. Schwanz-ringel, — are the separate divisions of a sliieldcd tail. 
(416.) The Dorsal Fin, Lat. Pinna dorsalis, Fr. La nageoire dorsale. 
Germ, lliikkcnfinne, — is a fin-like cutaneous process placed on the back, 
and sustained by small bones. 
(417.) The Caudal Fin, Lat. Fedaliura, Pinna analis, Fr. La 
nageoire caudale. Germ. Scliwanzfinne, — is a cutaneous process placed 
horizontally in the shape of a fin upon the apex of the tail. 
The Skin is said to be 
(418.) Applied, Z«/...Applicata, Appliquee, — when it exactly fits 
upon the body, as in the Deer and Antelopes; 
(419.) Verrucose, Lat. Verrucosa, Fr. Verriiqueuse, — when it is 
covered with small naked eminences, or warts ; 
(420.) Scaly, Lat. Squamosa, Fr. Ecailleuse,— when the epidermis 
is folded over in such a way as to resemble the scales of a fish, as on 
the tail of the Beaver ; 
(421.) Naked, Lat. Nuda, Fr. Nue, — when it is destitute of hair or 
any other integument ; 
(422.) Thick, Lat. Densa, Fr. Epaisse, — as in the Elephant, Rhino- 
ceros, .and others ; for which reason these animals arc said to be Pachy- 
dermatous, or Thick-skinned, Ini. Pacliydeima; 
(423.) Rough, ImL Asperata, jPr. Ruguouse, — as in the animals already 
mentioned ; and 
(424 ) Callous, Lat. Callosa, Fr. Calleuse, — when it is hard to the ’ 
touch. 
XVIII.-THE HAIRS. 
(425.) The Hairs, Lat. Pili, Fr. Les poils. Germ. Haare, are horny 
filaments of various shapes (see page 89), covering the body externally 
in various degrees. They may be fine like silk, as in the Chinchilla, or 
coarse like iiay, as in some Ruminantia. 
(426 ) The Bristles, Lat. Setse, Fr. Les soies, Germ. Borsten, — 
are hard and rigid hairs frequently divided at the points, as in the Hog. 
(427.) The Prickles or Spines, Lat. Aculei, Spinie, Fr. Les pi- 
quans ou les'epines. Germ. Stacheln, — are very strong, hard, and rigiJ 
hairs, frequently ending in a sharp point. Sometimes they are nearly 
Clinical and of medium length, as in the Echidnas ; vert/ long and bulging if 
the middle, as in the Porcupine ; flattened like tlie blade of a sword, 
in the Echimys and some spiny Rats ; alone, as in the Hedgehogs. 
Coendou, and Spiny Echidna ; or mixed with hair, as in the Silky Echidna 
and Canada Porcupine. 
The Body is said to be 
(428.) Hairy or Covered, I,al. Pilosum, Vestitum, Fr. Pileuse, Germ. 
Behaart, — when it is furnished with Hair; 
