VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. 
Although Mankind appear to compose a single species, [partly] 
iroin the circumstance that individuals of all the races are capable 
of producing a fertile progeny, [and partly from other considera- 
tions], they present certain hereditary peculiarities which consti- 
tute what are termed Races. 
1 nuEE of these appear to be eminently distinct from each other ; 
namelj', the White, or Caucasians; the Yellow, or Mongolians; 
and the Black, or Negroes. 
We shall distinguish by the term Normal, those varieties of Mankind 
which admit of being readily referred to one or other of the preceding types. 
The remainder, or Anomalous Races, will be arranged under Six divisions. 
Thesemaybetermedtlie Malayans, the Polynesians, the Australasians, 
the Tasma.mans, the Hyi’erboreass, and the Americans. 
Tliough obviously distinct from each other, the characters of the Ano- 
malous races approach more or less nearly to those of some or all of the 
Normal races. 
NORMAL RACES. 
Syn. Les Races eminemment distinctes. — Cuv.' Reg. Anim. I. 80. 
VARlfilfis DE races BIEN CARAClfiRIsfiES Dcsm.® Mam. 4 . 7 . 
I. CAUCASIANS. 
La Caocasique, ou ARABE-EuRorfiENNE Dum.‘° Zool. Anal. 6. 
Race blanche, ou Caucasienne (in part) — Less.” Mam. 24. 
Premiere Race, Blanche — Virey,” HisL Nat.du Gen. Hum. 1. 438, 
et Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. art. Homme.** 
Race Eqropeene, ou Caucasique. — De Lacepede, in Diet, des Sc. Nat. 
art. Homme.'i 
lapetans : (C.) H. Cclticus, or Celts ; (D.) II. Semiticus, or Arameans ; 
(E.) H. Scylhicus, or Scythians. Minor differences of form and language 
give rise to further subdivisions into groups or families of nations. 
(A.) HOMO CAUCASICDS.— CAUCASIANS PROPER. 
Syn. Homo Japeticus, a a Caucasiccs. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 2. 
Caucasienne. — Desmoul. Tab. 
Race Caccasique (Orientale) Bory.'* Ess. Zool. I. 110. 
1” Souche EoropEene, 1° Tige Caucasique. — B roc.'i Ess. 28. 
Races Greoues ex PfiLAGiauES (in part) Malte-Brun,‘® G6og. Univ. 
Icon. Blumeiib.’® Dec. Cran. III. t. 21. (Skull of a Georgian female.) 
The various tribes known by the names of Georgians, Imeritians, Min- 
grelians, Abassians, Tsebetkessians or Circassians, and Lesghians, have 
long been celebrated for the extreme regularity and general beauty of their 
features. They inhabit the mountain chains of the Caucasus and the ad- 
jacent valleys, situate in the immediate neighbourhood of the Black and 
Caspian Seas, between the 41° and 4,5° of N. latitude. From the earliest 
ages, these regions have been the abode of numerous tribes, all of whom, 
excepting the Ossetes, according to M. .Tulius Klaproth, speak languages, 
the idioms of which are wholly distinct from those of all other known 
tongues. 
These circumstances, combined with the characteristic physiognomy 
of the Caucasians Proper, entitle them to be regarded as indigenous and 
primitive tribes of great antiquity. 
The Georgian race^ as we are informed by Chardin, are the most 
beautiful in the East, and we may even say, in the W'orld. During the 
twelfth century, numerous poetical and historical works were composed 
in their own peculiar language.** Their women are not so white as the 
Circassians, nor are their figures quite so graceful, yet they possess great 
beauty, and scarcely an ugly countenance can be found in all the country. 
The}' are tall, well made, extremely slight round the waist, and of a most 
^ Beg. Anim. Le Rognp Animal distribue d’apriia son organisation. Par M. Le Baron Cuvier, Paris, 1829. NouveUc Edition. 
ESM. Masi.-— M amnialogifi, on Description des Espoces de Mammifores. Par M. A. G. Desmarest, Paris, 1820. 
^ IN. Gmei. — Caroli A. Linne, Systema Natura) per Regna Tria Natural. Cnr.a lo. Frid. Gmelin. Lagduni, 1789. 
tRXL — lo. Christ. Polye. Erxleben, , Systema Regni Animalis. CInssis I. Mammalia. Lipsiffi, 1777. 
^ llLUMENB. Handb — Uandbuch der Naturgescliichtc, von J. F. Blnnienbach, Gbit. 1821. 
^ Hlumenb. Adbili) — Abbildungcn Naturbistoriacher Gegenstiinde, von J. F. Blumenbach, Gott. 1797. 
^ Piscu. SvN. Mayi — S ynopsis Mamma'.min. Auotore J. B. Fisclior, Stuttgardtim, 1829. 
9 Tab. — Tableau General, Piiysique, et Geographique des Espiiees ct dea Races du Genre Humain. Par A. Desmoulins. 
10 Gusiciii.sa — Ueber dio Verschiedeuheit der Gesiehtsziige von P. Camper, Borl. 1792 (Bde Fisch,r). 
11 n**' ^°°i" Anal. — Z oologlo Analytique, ou JMbthode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux. Par A. M. Constant Dumcril, Paris, 1806. ' 
12 y “I**' — Manuel de Mammalogie. Par Rciie-Primevcrre Lesson, Paris, 1827, 
13 Naturello du Genre Humain. Par .1. .1. Virey, Paris, 1824. 
It ° Hiss'. Nat. — N ouveau Dictionnairc d llistoire Naturcllo appliquoe aux arts. Par tme Societe do Naturalistcs ct d’AgricuIteurs, Paris, DetervIIle, 1817. 
Is — Dictionnaire lies Sciences Naturellos. Por pliisieurs Professeurs du .Tardin du Roi, et des principalos Eooles de Paris, Strasbourg, et Paris, 1821. 
>0 p °l a Comparative Review of Philological and Pliysical Rosearcbes. By .1. C. Pritchard, M.D., iu Reports of the British Association for 1832. 
17 n Zool.— L Homme, Easai Zoologiquo sur le Genre Humain. Par M. Bory do Saint- Vincent, Paris, 1836, 3d Edit. 
IS — ■^**‘11 SHE las Races Humaines. P,ir P. P. Broc, Paris, 1836, 
19 ,, '■I'E-BauN, Geoo. Dniv — G eographie Bnivorsello. Par M. Malte-Briin. Paris, 1816. 
^ ldmb. Deo. Cr.vn. — D ecas Craniorum. Ed. J. F. Blumenbach, Gott. 1790-1820 
SI ^“yaRi’s Jo. Chardin, vol. I. p. 171, Amsterdam, 1735. 
iiugene, Atmales des Voyages, XII, p. 86 , 90 (fide Malte-Brun). 
Syn. Race Caucasique — Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 80 Desm. Mam. 47. 
Homo sapiens, europaios, var. /3. Lin.* Gmcl. I. 22 vah. S. Erxl.A 
2 — VAR. a. Albin Tab. Oss. Hum. (fide Fischer). — var. caucasica. 
Blumenb.S Handb. et Abbild.® 
Homo Japeticus.— F isch.* Syn. Mam. 2. 
Celto-scyth-ahabes. — Desmoul.® Tab. 
Europaer. — C ami).!> Gesichtsz. 
The Caucasian v,ariety, to which we belong, may readily be dis- 
tinguished by the beauty of the oval form of the head. Some of 
the groups belonging to this division have constituted nations of the 
kigliest comparative civilization, and which have most frequently ex- 
ercised dominion over the remainder. They may vary in the tint 
ef the skin and colour of the hair, and h,ave been [rather improper- 
ly] termed Caucasians, from the circumstance that the early tra- 
ditions of nations would refer [some of] their tribes to the group 
of mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas, from which they 
[are conjeclured by sever, al writers to have] emigrated in all direc- 
tions. Tlie inliahitants of the Caucasus itself) such as the Circassians 
ond Georgians, are still accounted at the present day among the 
oiost beautiful people of the globe. 
The leading branches of these, races may be distinguished by the 
analogy [and affinity] of their languages. 
Whenever two languages have a general resemblance in their gramma- 
tical structure, and when a great number of the roots or elements are 
Common to both, they are said to be allied to each other. Thus, tlie 
ebrew, tlie Chaldee, the Syriac, and the Geez or Ethiopic, have a na- 
tural affinity. Again, there are others which are wholly distinct iu their 
Vocabnlurios, with few words in common, yet tliey bear a striking resem- 
ance to each other in their grammatical structuie, such as the monosyl- 
labic languages of the Chinese, Tibetans, Siamese, &c. These may be 
termed analogous languagcs.i® 
By combining a pliilological inquiry into the affinity or analogy of lan- 
guages, with a careful examination into the physical diversities of nations, 
ive are enabled to classify the several tribes of Men under appropriate 
Subdivisions. 
, the Caucasian races may be reduced to five principal sub-varieties, 
tA.) Homo Caucasicus, or Caucasians Proper; (B.) II. lapcticus, or 
