VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. 
133 
'Viillachia, Moldavia, Hungary, and Transylvania. “ Tlicy have wandered through the world, in every region, and among every people ihey 
have continued eriually unchanged by the lapse of time, the variation of climate, and the force of example. In the neighbourhood of civilized life, 
tliey continue barbarous, and near cities and settled inhabitants, they live in tents and holes in the earth, or wander from place to place like fugitives 
or vagabonds.” The skull of a getiuine Gypsy is figured in Blumcnb. Dec. Cran. II. 11. 
II. MONGOLIANS. 
•Syn. Race Mo.vgolioiie Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 82 Desm. Main. iT. 
La Mongolu (in part). — Dum. Zool. .Anal. 7. 
II. ScvTUlcus (in part). — Fisch. Syn. Mam. L 
Race .Iaune, on Oeivatbe. — Vircy, Hist. Nat. du G. Hum. I. 437. 
Race Jaune, ou Mongouenne (in part) Less. Mam. 25. 
Homo Sapiens, vadius, vab. /3. — Lm. Gmel. 1. 23 Tatabes. ,3 
ErxI. I — VAR. Mongouca, Blumcnb. Hand, ct Abbild. 
The Mongolians may be recognised byi their prominent cheek- 
Itones, a flat face, narrow and oblique, eye.s, straight and black hair, 
a scanty beard [if we except the Ainoos, or liairy-men of the Kurile 
Islands], and an olive complexion. They have formed empires in 
Cliina and -Japan, and sometimes extended their conquests beyond 
the Great Desert; but their civilization has always remained sta- 
tionary. 
Tlie geographical station of the Mongolian races commences at 
the east of the Tartar brancli of the Caucasians, and extends to the 
Pacific Ocean. Some of their brandies, still nomadic, roam over 
the Great Desert, under the names of Calmucks or Kalkas. Three 
times their ancestors, under Attila, Cliingi.s, and Tinioorlane, spread 
far and wide the terror of their name. The Cliinese appear to 
have been civilized at an earlier period than any other of these 
faces, and indeed we may almost say, than any nation in the woi ld. 
Hie Mantchoos, forming a third branch, have recently conquered 
China, which they still continue to govern. 'I'lie Japanese, the 
Coreans, ami nearly all the hordes which extend to the north-east of 
i^iheria, under the dominion of the Russians, may be referred to 
fins division, as well as the natives of the Marianne islands, the 
Carolinas, and the adjacent islands of that Archipelago. If we 
axeept some of the Chinese literati, the Mongolian nations are ge- 
t'erallj' devoted to the different sects of Buddhism, or the religion 
of !•<). 
The origin of these race.s appears [according to the conjectures 
af some writers] to have been in the mountains of Altai, in the 
Same manner as our White races have been assigned to tlie Cauca- 
sian mountains; but it has not been found possible to follow out 
"''th equal ease the [supposed] affiliation of their several branches, 
"rhe history of these nomadic races is as fugitive as their settle- 
'"ents ; and the records of tlie Chinese, confined witliin the limits 
their empire, give but a few short and unconnected notices of the 
’’fiiglibouring nations. 
I'he affinities of their languages are also too little known to guide 
I’s through the labyrinth. The dialects used to the north of the pen- 
bisula beyond the Ganges, as well as in Thibet, bear some relations 
the Chinese language, at least in their nature, being in some re- 
'*peets monosyllabic, wliile the nations who speak them are not 
"ithout some traits of personal resemblance to the other Mon- 
Solians. 
A. HOMO CALMUCCUS CALMUCK.S, & MONGOLIANS 
iniOI'ER. 
Les Calmouqces — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 83. 
f*"*. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. I. t. 5. (Skull of a Calmuck); also II. t. 14. 
The languages of the Calmucks or Kalkas. the true Mongolians, and 
'a Booriaits of Lake Baikal, bear a considerable degree of resemblance 
a each other, hut are wholly distinct from those of the Tartar races, in 
eir Vocabularies as well as in the forms of their syntax.' One import- 
®i'’enmstance proves them to be allied in some "degree to the dialects 
.^|China and Thibet, being the frequent recurrence of monosyllabic words. 
'e Calmuck language is highly poetical, abounding in romances and 
'^^12 '“'’’P'^sitions of considerable beauty. 
he Calmuck is of a middle stature, with the internal angles of the eye 
directed downwards towards the nose, the eye-brows black and narrow, the 
interior ends of the arches low. the nose flat and broad at the point, the 
cheek-bones prominent, the head and face very round. Their complexion 
is a hrownish-yellotv, diftering in intensity according to the sexes and in- 
dividuals. The acuteness of their senses is much celebrated, hut not 
more so than their iiglinos.s, which is described by travellers as being 
something terrible. The men sliave their heads, with the exception of 
a small tuft, which is allowed to grow sufficiently long to form a lock of 
considerable length on either side of the face. The women allow their 
hair to hang in two braids over the shoulders, but without shaving any 
part of the head. 
The proper Mongolians have thick lips, short chins, scanty beards, 
large and prominent ears, flat noses, and oblique eyes, nearly resembling 
those of the true Calmucks. Their language is but little known. Poly- 
g.nmy, though permitted by law, is among them, as in other places, rather 
niicommon. The religion of all these benighted tribes is that of the Dalai 
Lama, in which the people are held under the entire subjection of priests 
and jugglers. 
B. HOMO SINICUS— CHINESE. 
Si/n. Les Chinois. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 83. 
H. ScvTHiccs (i. .Sixices — Fiseb. Syn Mam. 5. 
H. SiNICUS. — Bury, Ess. Zool. 1. 249. 
Indo-Sinique. — Desmoul. Tab. 
Icon. Bliiincnl). Dec. Cran III. t. 23 V. t. 44. (Skulls of Chinese). 
Chinese — Grill'.* Anim. King. (Head ofa fur-dealer). 
Under the general term Chinese we shall iiiclmle the inhabitants of 
China Proper, Corea, Tonqniii, Thibet, Cochin-China, Siam, and the 
natives of the Birmese Empire. The Japanese, also, may probably be 
referred to this head, until a more minute acquaintance with their lan- 
guage and history shall fully establish their claim to a distinct subdivi- 
sion. 
Of these nations, the Birmese and Siamese are the tallest, being com- 
monly from five feet six inches to about five feet nine inches in height. 
They strikingly exhibit the ordinary features common to all the Mongo- 
lian races, such as prominent cheek-bones, with oblique and narrow eyes; 
they also have scanty beards. Their ears are very broad, and project 
outwards, so as to be entirely visible in front. On the beautiful porce- 
lain wares of China and Japan, their physical traits are often depicted 
with precision. The intensity of their complexions varies in the several 
races, being darker among the Cochin-Cliincse and Siamese, and brown- 
olive among the Tonquinese. 'I’lieir hair, which has nearly the coarse- 
ness of horse-hair, grows within an inch of the eyebrows. The Chinese 
ladies of rank, confined to their abodes by the barbarous treatment which 
their feet undergo in early youth, as well as by the forms of etiquette, 
often exhibit an etiolated appearance corresponding to that of our Euro- 
pean ladies ; yet there is always something about them, to use the words 
of .M. Bory, which forcibly recalls the idea of met. In general, the 
Chinese races have an oily skin, a yellowish-green complexion, passing 
towards a brown, according to climate, and even becoming dark below tlie 
•20th parallel of north latitude, from their alliances with the Malay races. 
It is however reniark.ablc, that the most northern Chinese have the dark- 
est complexions of the whole. 
The greater number of the races of Chinese descent have the utmost 
horror of intermarrying with strangers, whom indeed they generally re- 
gard with aversion. To preserve themselves from the aggressions of fo- 
reigners, they constructed their celebrated wall, which serves to protect 
the northern frontier of their empire. Agriculture forms their chief 
^ Bergmann, Nomadische Strcifercincn unter den Kalmuken, I. p. 123. (Fide Malto-Brun). 
Rirr. Anim. King — The Animal Kingdom. By Edward Griflith, and others. London, 1827, 
34 
