134 
ORDER BIMANA^GENUS HOMO. 
means of sustenance. “ Tlie staff of life in China,” observes Sir John 
Barrow,' “ is rice, and it is the chief article of produce in the middle and 
southern provinces. The grain requires little or no manure ; age after 
age the same piece of ground yields its annual crop, and some of them 
two crops a year. In the culture of rice, water answers every purpose.” 
All the details of agiicultiire are prescribed by the laws ; national festi- 
vals are consecrated in honour of the art, and the Emperor of China os- 
tensibly professes to be the first agricultural labourer of this vast terri- 
tory. A sea-faring life is held in abhorrence by tiie greater number of the 
natives, and those Chinese who leave their country for purposes of trade, 
only do so in defiance of the laws, for, if recognised, they are not permit- 
ted to return without molestation. 
Silk is the material most commonly used for their larger garments, and 
cotton dresses are by no means so common as among the Hindoos. Being 
scarcely ever addicted to the abuse of spirituous liquors, tea forms the 
favorite beverage of the Chinese ; and perfumes are highly esteemed. 
Their soldiers have little courage ; and their dress and appearance are said 
to be “ most unmilitary, better suited forthe stage tlian the field of battle ; 
their paper helmets, wadded gowns, quilted petticoats, and clumsy satin 
boots, being but ill adapted for the purposes of war." The people, 
however, are very industrious and skilful in business. Clever artisans in 
nearly all the useful and elegant articles of life were common in China, 
at a time when Europe was sunk in profound barbarism. Their 
history, and the peculiarities of their monosyllabic language, may be 
traced to a remote period of antiquity ; yet their civilization has long re- 
mained stationary, and the most trivial actions of individuals are here re- 
gulated by the forms of law. 
The Emperor and his court have long adhered to the ancient religion 
as originally taught hy Kong-fu-tse, commonly called Confucius, but the 
present Mantchoo dynasty exhibits a very marked leaning towards Budd- 
liism, or the religion of Fo. 
The traditions of the Japanese tend to show that they were originally 
a Chinese colony, yet their language is wholly different ; few Chinese 
terms can be recognised ; the words are not monosyllabic ; while the 
syntax and conjugations possess a distinct and original character. There 
is a peculiarity in the eye of a Japanese, which indicates a slight resem- 
blance to the Mantchoo ; it is oblong, sunken, and narrow, so ns to 
appear as if constantly winking; the eyelids form a deep furrow, and the 
eyebrows appear higher than we find generally in other nations of this 
nice. The head of a .Japanese is commonly large; the hair thick, black, 
and glossy ; the neck short, and the nose broad. 
The native inhabitants of Pegu, Ava, and Aracan, do not differ greatly 
from the proper Chinese in their physical traits, but are merely a little 
darker in their complexions. It is said that the Aracanese admire abroad 
and flat forehead, and with this view continue to flatten the foreheads of 
their infants soon after birth. Their nostrils arc broad and open, their 
eyes small and lively, and their ears hang down to the shoulders. The 
females arc not very dark, and their ears are fully as long as those of the 
male population. 
C. nO.MO SERICUS.— MANTCHOOS. 
Syn. Les Mantchoo.x Cuv. lleg. Aniin. 1. 83 — Lesson, Mam. 25. 
/con. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. II. t 16. (Skull of a Tongoos), and 111. t. 23. 
(Skull of a Daourian). 
According to M. Tangles, ” the language of the Mantchoos is wholly 
different to that of the true Mongolians, the Chinese, or any of the Tar- 
tar tribes, and bears some remote affinities to the languages of Europe. 
Most of the leading families of Mantchoo extraction have settled in 
China, where they have adopted the common dress of the country. For 
these reasons they are gradually becoming incorporated with the Chinese, 
whom their arms have subdued. Their religion has some affinity with 
Shamanism. They are more robust in their figure than the Chinese, but 
their countenances have less expression. The feet of the genuine Mant- 
choo women are not cramped and rendered useless by bandages. 
The several wandering tribes of hunters, known by the name of Ton- 
gooses or QDvoens,’ who roam over the barren wastes situate to the 
eastward of the Sea of Baikal, mtiy he placed in this subdivision. 
D. HOMO KURILIANUS.— AINOOS. 
Syn. KouriUENNC — D esuinul. Tab. 
/cun. Desmoul. Nat des R. Hum. pi 5 and 6. 
The islands extending in a chain from Japan to Kamtehatska are in- 
liabited by a race of men peculiar in language and appearance, called by 
the Japanese Mo-sins, or H,airy men, though tliey style themselves 
ons, according to KruHenstern.® They are taller than the Japanese, and of a 
more robust frame, with very thick and black beards, and the hair of the 
head also black and somewhat frizzled. The forehead rises rather squarely 
upwards, the nose is straight, and nearly on a level with the forehead, as 
in the Celtic, lapet in, or Aramean races, only shorter and thicker. Their 
complexion i.s deep brown, approaching towards black; the heard and 
eyehrow.s so thick as almost to conceal the face; the whole body covered 
with hair; and, if we may credit the accounts of the Russians, a child of 
five years old, found, in 1806, at the bay of Mordwinoff had his body al- 
ready covered in this remarkable manner. 
Their height is about five feet seven inches in the neighbourhood of 
Jesso ; their limbs well proportioned. The women appear to European 
eyes far uglier than the men ; their complexion is equally dark, their lips 
painted blue, and their hands tattooed. M. Desmoulins (Flist. Nat. de.s 
R. Hum. pi. 6) represents an Ainoos family, from a singular Japanese 
design, which, though rude, is executed with some spirit. The mother 
of the family appears to be suckling a young pig, a common practice in 
the island of Jesso, where the females rear young bears, dogs, or pigs, i" 
this manner, and confine them when old enough in cages until tliey are 
sufficiently fat for killing. 
The language of the Ainoos is said to bear no affinity to the Japanese, 
the Kamtehatskadale, or the Mantchoo, and, as far as hitherto known, 
seems to bo very different from any other. 
III. NEGROES. 
Syn. Rack Nsgre Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 80. Ho,mo Sapiens, Afer c.— T inn. Gmel. I. 23.—=. Erxl. 2 .— VaP- 
Rack Noire ou Melanienne (in part). — Less. Mam. 26. ASthiopica. — Blumenb. Hand, et .Alibild. 
Race Ethiopienne ou Negre Desm. Mam. 47 — Dum. Zool. Anal. 
The Negro races are confined to the region south of Mount Atlas. 
Their complexions are black, their hair woolly, the cranium com- 
pressed, and the nose flattened, while their projecting muzzle and 
thick lips indicate a near approach to the characters of the Monkey 
tribes. The hordes composing this division have always remained 
ill a barbarous state. 
A. HOMO AiTHIOPICUS ETHIOPIANS. 
Syn. Ethiopien Less. Mam. 26. — Desmoul. Tab. 
H. AUthiopiccs. — Bory, Ess. Zool. II. 29. 
/con. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. I. t. 6, 7, and 8. II. t. 17, 18, 19. 
The traits of the genuine Etliiojiian are so very different from those of 
any of the races already described, as to strike an observer at the fit-* 
glance. But independently of the nature of bis woolly hair, tlie excessive 
darkness of his entire skin, and the clear tones of bis voice, there .are sorr>E 
striking anatomical differences, which, according to some writers, would I'*' 
accounted specific, if recognised in any other animal than Man. 1 
cranium is narrowed in front, flattened on the top, and becomes rounded 
in the occipital region ; the sutures are very close, the hones of the nose 
considerably flattened ; the incisive teeth inserted obliquely ; while the 
.skeleton of the entire body surpasses that of all other races in whiteness 
The bones of the pelvis are larger, especially in the females, and tl" 
thighs and legs possess a certain degree of curvature, so as to imp!""* ^ 
bow-legged appearance to the best made Negro. 
The following may be briefly stated as the cliaracters of the true Eih'*’ 
pian : — The skin of the entire body black, excepting the palms <4 ' ' 
' Encyclapcedia Britannica. Art. China. By Sir John Barrow. Also, Barrow’s Travels in China ; and Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China. By Dr 
Ahel. I.oiidon, 1818. 
V Langles, Alphahet Mantchoo. (Fide Jlalte-Brun.) 
3 See Ma!te-Brun. Geog. Cniv. And the Synoptical Table at (he end of the XLfh division. 
s Desnoui.. Hist. Nat. des R. Hoxt. — Histoiro Naturelle des Races Humaines. Par A. Desmoulins. Paris, 1826. 
3 Krusenstern’s Voyage, II. p. 7* 
6 This remark ha-s been made by M. Bory Saint- Vincent ; we have not had an opportunity of verifying his observation. 
