142 
ORDER DIMANA — GEXUS HOMO. 
2. Australis — Sooth American Indians. 
Syn. H. Americanus. — Bory, Ess. Zool. II. 17. — Fiseli. Syn. Mam. 6. 
Amehicaine Dismoul. Tab. 
Icon. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. V. t. 4<5, 47, and 48, VI. t. 58. 
Pr. Max. Reis.* pi. 2 and 3 ('Puris Indians), pi, 7 (Patacbos Indians of 
the Rio do Prado), pi. 10 and 17 (Boticiidos Indians). 
The races of Soul 'i .'.merican Indians, difiering materially from those 
already de.scribed, are still imperlectly known. They are widely dispei'sed 
over the extensive plains of the Amazon and Oronoko, Brazil, Paraguay, 
and part of Chile, under the names of Omaguas, Guaranas, Coroads, 
.\tiires, Otomacs, Boticudos, Charruas, Chayutas, &c. &c. 
These races, with few exception.s, have their skulls oval-shaped, of a 
disproportionately large size, sunk between the shoulders, flattened on 
the vertex, with a broad forehead, but depressed to an extreme degree; 
the superciliary ridges very much elevated ; the cheek-bones prominent ; 
the eyes small and sunken; the nose flattened with expanded nostrils; 
the lips thick ; the mouth wide, with the teeth placed almost vertically 
in the gums. I he hue of thetr skin is neither black, yellow, nor copper- 
coloured, jbiit a dark brown. Their hair is black, straight, and of the 
coarseness of horse hair. 
Their stature is rather below the middle size. Hunting, and the use 
of a few nutritious roots, supply (he simple sustenance of tribes wliose in- 
telligence is excessively limited. They are destitute of religion, and what 
is more remarkable, are said to he almost devoid of superstition. The 
bow and the arrow, the javelin and the club, are their only arms. Their 
aversion to the North American Indians is most decided, and they carry 
on a continual war with them at all points where they come in mutual 
contact. 
Of the races siluate to the East of the Andes and La Plata, we may 
notice the Omaguas, who assist the natural depression of their foreheads 
by artificial means; the Guaranas, Coroados, and Atures, obscure tribes, 
who are daily diminisliiiig in numbers. The Ottomacs include ants, gum, 
and, what is more remarkable, a kind of potters clay, in their list of edi- 
L'le substances. T his earth is kneaded into balls of a lew inches in dia- 
meter. and roasted before a slow fire. When analyzed by Vauquelin, it 
was found to consist of 50 parts per cent, of silica, 40 of alumina, 4 of 
mag lesia, I ol oxide of iron, besides water. It is procured only from 
paiticular beds, and all kinds are not equally ple-asing to their palates. 
Fish, lizards, fern roots, and other animal and vegetable substances, are 
also used for food, when they can he proaured, but under any circum- 
stances a ball of clay usually concludes the repast. The Puris, a ferocious 
tribe, are said to roast and eat the prisoners taken in war. All these 
tribes are of a very deep-brown colour. The Boticudos, of a light-brown, 
sometimes approaching almost to white, adopt the singular custom of in- 
serting a very large and round block of wood into the lobe of each ear, 
and iu the under lip, so as to give the entire countenance a most singu- 
lar and characteristic appearance. The Charruas, a warlike tribe of 
Paraguay, have successfully resisted the attacks of Europeans; they are 
of a deep-brown complexion approaching to black. 
At the southern extremity of the South American continent, we find 
several wandering tribes, very elevated in stature, whom M. Bory has 
raised to the rank ol a distinct species, under the name of f/omo Paiagntius. 
They are known to navigators under the names of Patagonians, Puelches, 
Araucans, or I ehuetlets, E.xaggeration and the love of the marvellous 
have elevated the stature of the Patagonians to seven feet and upwards ; 
yet it seems pretty well established that six feet, four inches, is no very 
extraordinary height among this people. 
In the adjoining inland of Tierra del Fuego, we find the Pescherais, a 
diminutive and stunted race, scarcely taller than the Hyperboreans of 
the Northern Hemisphere. 
SUB-VARIETIES OF THE HD.MAN RACE. 
All the preceding races of men are capable of producing by their union 
a fertile progeny, which possesses intermediate characters between those 
of its parents. These combinations give rise to most of the variations of 
features which may be observed in all quarters of the globe, but especial- 
ly among the European colonies. In those ordinary instances of inter- 
marriage, where the differences between the characters of the parents are 
inconsiderable, the variety thence resulting has no particular name as- 
signed to it ; but in alliances where the races are very remote, the progeny 
has been distinguished by various denominations. 
The Mulatto proceeds from the Caucasian or White Race and the 
^gro, well known in the European colonies, as forming a dangerous 
caste called men of colour, or pelit 6lancs, despised by the Whites of 
pure race as being of inferior blood, and detested by the Negroes, from 
their pretending to usurp the authority of Whites, without possessing a 
legitimate title. In his physical features, the Mulatto holds an interme- 
diate station between his laireius, both of whom he resembles in colour 
and form, in his half-curly hair, his muzzle slightly projecting, as well as 
in his moral and intellectual qualities. When Mulattoes intermarry, 
their posterity resembles themselves, and form a race called Casque, pro- 
bably a corruption of the word caste. In general, they are well-made 
and robust, violent in their passions, talkative and volatile. In the East 
Indies there is a race of oriental Mulattoes, called Bouganese, the pro- 
geny of the Hindoo and Negro. They are browner and more meagre 
than the Mulattoes of Euroiiean descent. 
The Mestizo, generally of feeble constitution, is the result of a union 
between the American Indian (//. Americanus) and the European. 
The Zambi or Loros is the descendant ol the African and American 
Indian. These individuals are of a dark-brown copper-colour, very mus- 
cular and robust. In Mexico they are called Chino. 
The Teko is the descendant of the Chinese and Malay. 
The Raster is the progeny of the Caucasian and Hottentot {H. Ca- 
pensis). His skin is of the colour of dried citron. In respect to his in- 
tellectual character, he partakes more of the Euro[)ean than of the Hot- 
tentot, being braver and more energetic than the latter. The promi- 
nence of the cheek-bones continues in these unions for several generations. 
An excellent figure of this sub-variety is given iu the Atlas to Peron’s 
Voyage, pi. 55. 
The Black Baster results from the union of the Negro and Hotten- 
tot. This race is superior in stature to the common Baster ; and the 
black complexion of the Negro is mitigated by the olive tint of the Hotten- 
tot. A female Hottentot, according to Le Vaillaut (Premiere Voyage), 
is much more fertile when united to a White or Negro than to one of 
her own race. 
The above are the principal unions of the first degree to which pai- 
ticular names have been assigned. But, as each of these sub- varieties 
may combine with another, and with the original races, these again with 
their progeny, and so on ad infinitum, there hence arise combinations of 
the second, third, fourth, and fifth degrees, after which they cease to 
have particular denominations. 
Commencing with the unions of the second degree, the Terceroon or 
Morisco is the progeny of the Caucasian and Mulatto. Sometimes this 
race is incorrectly termed Quadroon. 
The Griefe or Caber is the descendant of the Negro and Mulatto. 
This is sometimes called Zambo. 
The Quatralvi or Castisse proceeds from the American Mestizo 
and the Caucasian or White. 
The Zambaigi descends from the American and the Zambi. 
The Zambo Prieto results from the union ol the Negro and the Zambi. 
The Tkesalve is the progeny of the American and the Mestizo. 
The Dark Mulattoes result from the American and the Mulatto. 
To ascertain, the purity of the.se several ci'mbinations of the seconil 
degree, let us put W for White, B for Black, and A for .American; we 
then find 
The Terceroon or Morisco | 
W + 
w -f B \ _, 
2 J ^ 
W -f 4 B 
The Gi'ifte or Caber 
The Quatralvi or Castisse 
The Zambaigi 
The Zambo Prieto 
The Tresalve 
The Dark Mulatto 
i = f W + J B 
i ( w-i- w-f -I A 
i ( A + — +--)=? A -1- .I B 
+ )=?B + |A 
J ( A -f. A -j- I W 
•i (A-+- iB 
In the combinations of ilie third order. 
The Quadroon proceeds from the White and the Terceroon. Ihesc 
are sometimes incorrectly termed Albinos. 
The OcT.wooN descends from the Wliite and Quatralvi. 
The Saltatras is the progeny of the Mulatto and Terceroon. 
The Covote proceeds from the Mestizo and Terceroon. 
The Givebos descends from the Zambi and the GrifFe. 
The Cambujo is the result ol the Mulatto and Zambaigi. 
In respect to the purity' of their blood, we find 
The Quadroon . J W -f + — W -f ^ B 
The Octavoon . A ^ W -j. ^ "I" ^ A 
■ Pr. Max. Rzis.-Reise nach Brasilicn in den jahren 1815 bis 1817, von Maximilian, Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied. Frankfurt, 1821. 
