ORDER II.-QUADRUMANA. 
MAMMALIA. WITH FOUR DISTINCT UNGUICULATED LIMBS, WITH THREE KINDS OF TEETH, AND FOUR HANDS. 
SYNONYMS. 
Primates (in part). — Linn. Gmel. I. 21 — Fiscli. Syn. Mam. I. 
Quadrumanes Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 85. — Geoff. Ann. Mus.' XIX. 85. — 
Temm. Mon. Mam.* I. pref. pag. 13 (excluding the Genus Galeopi- 
th^ue). Q. on Tetrachires Dum. Zool. Anal. 9. 
Quadromana Ham. Smith, Syn.’ p. 4. 
Quadrumana (Vierhander). Voigt, Thierr.< 1.73. 
PoLLiCATA (Daiimenfiisser). — Illig. Prodr.* 66. 
ViERHANDiGE Scliinz, Tliierr.® I. 94. 
CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER. 
The Teeth consisting of Incisores, Canines, and Molars. 
The Pectoral Limbs generally pentadactylous, sometimes only tetradactylous. 
The Hinder Limbs always pentadactylous. 
The Fingers with Nails or Claws. ' 
The Head with its facial angle varying from 30“ to 65°. The Eyes directed forwards. The Orbital 
and Temporal Fossje distinct. The Clavicles perfect. 
The MAMMiE usually two, sometimes four, always pectoral. The Penis free, and with a Scrotum. 
Live mostly in trees, where they climb with great 
Feed on fruits, roots, and insects. 
Inhabit the tropical parts of the entire globe, rarely 
Independently of the anatomical details already enumerated, 
which distinguish this order from that of Man, it presents a remark- 
able difference from our species in the conformation of the lower 
extremities. The thumbs of the hinder limbs are free and oppos- 
able to the fingers, which are long and flexible like those of the 
fore-hand. Hence all the species of this order climb trees with great 
ease, while it is only with the utmost difficulty that they can hold 
themselves upright, or walk in an erect position. The hands of the 
lower limbs then rest only upon the outer margins, and their nar- 
row pelvis is very unfavourable to equilibrium. 
In respect to their intestines, they are tolerably similar to our 
species ; their eyes are directed forwards ; the mammm are pectoral ; 
the penis hangs freely ; the brain has three lobes on each side, the 
extending far beyond. 
hinder of which covers the cerebellum ; and the temporal fossas are 
separated from the orbits by a bony partition. In other respects 
they gradually degenerate from the form proper to Man, in exhibit- 
ing a muzzle more or less elongated, a tail, and a walk more ex- 
clusively quadrupedal. Yet the freedom of their fore-arms, and 
the complicated form of their hands, enable them to execute many 
actions and gestures similar to those of Man. 
For a long time they have been divided into two genera; novf 
in some measure become two small families, the Apes and Makis, 
by the continual accession of new species. Between these it is 
necessary to place a third, the Ouistitis, which cannot be referred 
with propriety to either of the preceding. 
FAMILY I. SIMIA.— APES. 
SYNONYMS. 
SiMiA Linn. Gmel. I. 26 (in part). 
Singes. Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 86. — Desm. Mam. 48 (in part) Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 86. 
Quadrumana (Vierhander) in part — Illig. Prodr. 67. 
Ape. — Shaw,t Gen. Zool. 1. 1 (in part). 
Affen. — Schinz, Thierr. Affe. — Voigt, Thierr. 
CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY. 
General Form approaching to that of Man. 
Nails flat on all the fingers, and of the same form, excepting that of the thumb, which is the flattest. 
To this family belong all the Quadrumana with four straight in- 
cisive teeth in each jaw, and with flat nails on all their fingers, — 
characters which assimilate them to Man more than to the succeed- 
ing families. Their molar teeth also, like ours, have only blunt 
tubercles, and they feed essentially on fruits ; but their canine teeth 
passing beyond the others, supply them with an offensive weapon. 
* fllG 
which is wanting in our species, and requires a vacant space in * , 
opposite jaw to receive the projecting canine, when the mouth i® 
shut. 
Buffon subdivided the Apes into five tribes: 1. Les Singes 
pres, without tails; 2. Papions, with a short tail; 3. Guenons^^ 
with a long tail, and callosities on the buttocks ; 4. Sapajous, w 
1 Amr. Mos. Annates flu Museum d'Hiatoire Naturelle, par les Professeurs do cet etablisaement, Paris, 1802-1813. By the terms GBorr. Ann. Mds. we q' 
luote 
Geoflroy-Saint-Hilaire in the distinguished work just mentioned. 
Jam.— 
I’Europe, Paris, 1827 et seq. 
several memoirs by M. ueonroy-.3»io‘--"»“” ■•‘'■''j'"”' ‘'frimoucu. . Mosees 
" Temm. Mon. Mam. Monograpbies de Mammalogie, ou description dequciques genres de Mammiferes, dont les especes ontete observees dant les differens 
tJje 
de 
■ope, Pans, 1827 et seq. rr- t j 1827- 
e Ham. Smith, Stn. Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia, by Major Charles Hamilton Smith, forming vol. V. of Griff. Anim. King., London, lo 
• VoioT, Thierk.— Das Thierreicb, vom Baron von Cuvier, von F. S. Voigt, Leipaig, 1831. 
e iLtiG. PaoDR. Carol! Illigeri, Prodroinus Systeraatis Mammalium et Avium, Berolini, 1811. 
e Schinz, Thierr. Das Thierreicb, von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier, aus dem Franzosiseben von H. R. Schinz, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1821. 
* Shaw. Gen. Zool. General Zoology, or Sysfematio Natural History, by George Shaw, M.D , Lnmlon, 1800 et seq. 
