APES OF THE OLD CONTINENT. 
147 
a long and prehensile tail, without callosities ; 5. Sagouim, with a 
long tail, not prehensile, and without callosities. Erxlebcn adopted 
this division, and translated their names by the words Simia, Papio, 
Cercopithecus, Cebus, and Callilhrix. Thus, the last two terms, 
which were used by the ancients to designate the Apes of Africa 
and the East' Indies, were transferred to the Apes of Am.erica. 
It has since become necessary to suppress the genus Papions, 
founded solely on the shortness of the tail, because it broke too 
much the natural affinities of species. All the others have bi'en 
subdivided ; and it has been requisite to remove out of the division 
the Ouistitis, formerly included among the Sagouins, as they do 
not correspond accurately with the characters of the remaining 
Monkeys. 
The Apes may be divided, according as the number of their 
molar teeth is 20 or 24, into two principal tribes, which again require 
to be subdivided into several genera. 
TRIBE I. CATARRHINA.— APES OF THE OLD CONTINENT. 
SYNONYMS. 
Catahrhini {Kara., kata, down, 'qiua, rrhina, nostrils) — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 86. 
Les Singes propuement dits, ou de l’Ancient Continent — C uv. Reg. Anim. 1. 87- 
CHARACTERS OF THE TRIBE. 
The Dental Formula the same as in Man (see before, page 1 13). 
The Nostrils separated by a narrow partition, and opening beneath the nose. 
The Tail never prehensile, sometimes wanting. 
Inhabit the Old Continent. 
The Apes of the Old Continent have the same number of molar teeth as Man ; but they differ from each other by many characters 
which have furnislied the distinctions to the following genera and species. 
GENUS I. PITHECUS.— MEN-OF-THE-WOODS. . 
Syn. Orangs pboprement hits Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 87. — F. Cuv. in Diet. 
des Sc. Nat. XXXVI. 27. 
Orang (Pithecus). — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Isid. Geoff.’ in Belang. 
Voy. p. 22. 
SiMiA (in part) Linn. Gmel. — Illig. Prodr — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 
These are the only Apes of the Old Continent entirely without 
callosities on the buttocks. The hyoid bone, the liver, and coecum, 
fesemble those of Man. Their nose does not project, they have no 
cheek-pouches, nor any vestige of a tail. 
This genus comprises but a single species, the Orang-Outang, of which 
the young alone has yet been carefully examined by Naturalists. 
1. PITHECUS SATYRUS.— ORANG-OUTANG. 
The Young. 
Syn. L’Orang-OutaNG. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 87. — F. Cuv. in Diet, des 
Sc. Nat. XXXVI. 281. — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam — Isid. Geoff, 
in Bclang. Voy. p. 23. 
Oran-Otan. — S liaw, Gen. Zool. I. 3. 
MaN-OF-thE-Woods. — Edw.^ Glean. I. pi. 213. 
Great Ape. — P enn.3 Quad. pi. 36. 
Jocko. — B uff. Hist. Natsuppl. VII. 
Der EiGEN'rLicuE Orang-Utang. — Voigt, Tliierr. I. 74. 
Der Orang-Utang (VValdmenscii) Scliinz, 'Hiierr. I. 98. 
Simia Satybus. — Linn. Gmel. I. 26 — Erxl. p. 6 — Bluroenb. Hand, et 
Abbild Fisch. Syn. M.am. p. O.-Kuhl,-* * Beitr.— Tiles. iNaturli. Russ. 
Pithecus Satyros (Orang roux). — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 87. — Desm. 
Mam. 50 Less. Mara. 30. — (Orang-Outang) — Ham. Smith, Syn. 
p. 5 (Red or Asiatic Orang-Outang).— Jard. Syn.® p. 204. 
Simia Agrias. — SchrebJ Saugtli. 
Simia Abelii. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. p. 10. 
' Isid. Geoff, in Belano. Vot Voyage aux Indes-Orientalcs, pendant les annees 1825 ^ 1829, par M. Charles Belanger. — Mammiferes par M. Isidore Geoffroy-St- 
'hUire, Paris, 1834. 
* Edw. Glean. — Gleanings of'Natural History, by G. Edwards, London, 1758 et seq. 
® Penn. Quadr. — History of Quadrupeds, by Th. Pennant, London, 1793. 
* Kohl, Beitr. Beitriige aur Zoologie and vergleicheiiden Anatonde von .1. 11. Kubl, Franckfnrt. 1820 et seq. 
* Tiles. Naturii. Ross. — Naturhistorbeho Fruchfe der ersten Kaiserlicben Russisschen AVeltumseglung, von W. G. T. levins, Petersburg, 1813. 
® Jard. Syn Synopsis of the Simiad®, at the eonelnsion of the Naturalist’s Library, vol. I. Monkeys, by Sir William Jardine, Bart., Edinburgh, 1833. 
’ ScHREB. SAUGTif. Die Suugthiere in Abbildungeii nach der Nalur mit Beschreibungen, von S. C. D. Schreber, Erlangen, 1775 et seq. 
® The only good Sgure of the Orang-Outang for a long time was that of Vosmaer, made after a specimen kept at the Hague. That of Buflon (Suppl. VII. pi. 1.) is 
faulty at all points; that of Allamand (Buff. d'Holl. XV. pi. XL.) is a little better, and has been copied in Schreber, pi. II. B. That of Camper, copied in Schreber, pi. 11. C. 
Joes not want precision, but it is easy to see that it was not drawn after the living animal. Bontius, Med. Ind. 84, presents a creature of his own imagination, although 
Linuteus made it the typo of his Troglodytes (Aramn. Acad. VI. pi. I. 5 1). There arc some tolerably good figures in Griff. Anim. King., and in Krusenstern’s Voyrge, pi. 
XCIV. and XCV., but all taken from young specimens, — Note, of the Baron Cuvier. 
® Audeb. Sino. Histoire Naturellc des .Singes et des Mtikis, par J. B. Audebert, Paris, An. 8 (1799-1800). 
Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, and of a Voyage to and from that eoiintry, in the years 1816 and 1817, by Dr Clarke Abel. London, 1818. 
Donovan, Nat. Rep. — The Naturafist’s Repository, or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural Hi.story, by Edward Donovan, London, 1821 et seq. 
VosM. Descr. — Description del'especo do Singe, &c. nomme Orang-Outang, par A. Vosmaer, Amsterdam, 1778. 
” Camil Koai Baaicirr Kort boright wegens de Ontleding van verschiedeno Orang-Utangs, van P. Camper, Amsterdam, 1778. 
'I WtLs. Illustr. Zool. Illustrations of Zoology, by Jatnea "Wilson, EtUnbnrgh, 1831. The synonym Bed, applied to the Orang-Outang, is at least premature, 
inasmueh as the adult appears to become black. This appellation is also adopted in Jardino s Naturalist’s Library, and in Jard. Syn. 
Wurmb’s Paper in Verhandlingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Konsten en Wetenschapen, Batavia, 1792 et seq. 
Buff. ed. Son n.— Histoire Nattirelle, par M. Le Clerc de Buffon. Nouvello Edition, par C. S. Sonnini, Paris, An. 7 and 8 (1798-1800). 
PONGO Abelii Less. Mam. 31. 
/con.® Le Jocko — A udeb.® Sing. 
L’Obang-Outang Feraclle F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 
Orang-Outang Abel. Cliiii.'® 
Donovan," Nat Rep. pi. 58 and 59. 
Vo.sm.'5 Descr. pi. 14 and 15. 
Camp.*3 Kort Beright. 
Red or Asiatic Orang-Outang — Wils.o Illustr. pi. 5, fig. I and 3. 
The Adult (very probably). 
Syn. Groote Orang- Optang op Oost-Indische Pongo Wurmb.'Sin Ver- 
handl. van bet Batav. Genootsh. 1 1, p. 245. 
Pongo Vurmbii — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 89.— P. Wurmbii Desm. 
Mam. 52. — Less. Mam. 32. 
Singe de Wurmb Audeb. Sing. p. 21. 
Papio Wuiuibii — Latreille in Buff.'®ed. Sonn. XXXVI. p. 296. 
Simia Wuhmbh — Fisch. Syn. Mam. p. 32. 
Le Pongo.— F. Cuv. in Diet, des Sc. Nat. XXXVI. 285. 
Icon. Pongo (squellette). — Audeb. Sing. Anat. pi. 2. 
specific characters. 
The Muzzle short in the young, very long in the adult. 
The Forehead elevated in the young, greatly depressed in the adult. 
The Pectoral Limbs veiy long, reaching as low as the ancles. 
The External Ear medium size like that of Man. 
The Hands narrow, and the Fingers elongated. 
The Tail, Cheek-pouches, and Callosities, all wanting. 
The FIair scanty, of a brownish red in the young, black in the adult. 
Inhabits Cochin-China, the Peninsula of Malacca, and especially ilie 
Island of Borneo. 
The Orangs, properly so called, have their arms sufficiently long 
to reach the ground when they stand upright, while their thighs, or. 
the contrary, are very short. 
