ORANG-OUTANG— GENUS TROGLODYTES— CHIMPANSEE. 
119 
scarcely help believing it to be the adult, either of the Orang-Outang, 
or at least of some species nearly allied to it ; although the great 
projection of its muzzle, the smallness of its cranium, and the height 
of the branches of its lower jaw, might perhaps lead to a different 
conclusion. The length of its arms, and of the apophyses of its 
cervical vertebroe, with the swelling of the bone of its iieel, are 
favourable to the upright position and the facility of walking on 
two feet. This is the largest of all the Apes, and a most formid- 
able animal, approaching to Man in height. 
Mr J. Harwood (Trans. Linn. xv.p. 471) describes the feet of an 
Orang-Outang, fifteen inches in length, which dimensions appear 
to announce a very considerable height. He would have inferred 
that the Pongo was the adult Orang-Outang, had not the skeleton 
of the Pongo in the Royal College of Surgeons, London, exhibited 
one lumbar vertebra more than the skeletons of the Orang-Outang. 
This objection appears, however, to have no real weight, as the 
same variation has been observed more than once in the human 
species. 
The Pongo, or adult Orang-Outang, is very rare in Borneo, where it 
boars the cliaractcr of having great strength and ferocity. The only spe- 
cimen hitherto obtained defended itself vigorously with large branches of 
trees ; so that it became impossible to take it alive. 
On the skull of the Pongo there is a singular ridge of bone, passing 
from the occiput to the vertex, and there dividing into two branches, ex- 
tending towards the external sides of the orbits. Two other lateral crests 
divide tlie occiput into equal portions, and reach as far as the auricular 
fossx. 
The excessive length of its arms show, that when the adult stands on 
all the four hands, its body must assume a diagonal position, nearly ap- 
proaching to the perpendicular. In this attitude, the enormous projection 
of its muzzle requires a considerable muscular power to sustain its weight, 
and it is doubtless for this purpose that the skeleton possesses those 
enormous cervical apophyses, whose length is not equalled in any known 
Mammiferous animal. The height of the skeleton in the Paris Museum 
is 4 French feet, or about 4 ft. 3 in. English, from the top of the head 
to the palms of the hinder-hands. Many scattered notices of this ani- 
mal, in its young state, are interspersed among the British and Foreign 
Journals.’ 
GENUS H. TROGLODYTES.— PYGMIES. 
Syn. CHiMPANsfis. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 8.0. 
Tboglodytes. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. — Desm. Mam. 
SiMiA (in part) Linn. Gracl. — Illig. Prodr. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. — 
Temm. Mon. Mam. 
The arms of the other Orangs [the Chimpanses of the Baron 
Cuvier] reach otdy as low as the knees. These animals have no 
forehead, and their cranium curves backwards immediately from the 
*'idge of the eye-brows. 
Like the preceding, this genus comprises only a single species. 
1. TROGLODYTES NIGER.— CHIMPANSEE.* * 
Syn. Lf. ChimpansS.— Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 89. 
Obang-Outang, Homo Sylvestbis, or Pygmy. — T yson, 3 Anat. Pyg. 
Pongo Bulf. Hist. Nat. Suppl. VII. 
Deb Schimpansee. — Voigt, Tliierr. I. 7C. — Scliinz, Thierr. I. 99. 
SiMiA Tboglodytes. — Linn. Gmel. 1. 26. — Blumenb. Handb. et Ab- 
bild. — F. Cuv. in Diet, des Sc. Nat. XXXVI. p. 285. — Kuhl, Beitr. 
— Fisch. Syn. Mam. 
Tboglodytes' Niger (Troglodyte Chimpanze).— Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 
87 Desm. Mam. 49. — Less. Mam. 29. — Isid. Geoff, in Belang. 
Voy. 21. 
SiMiA Pygmzeos and S. Satyrus. — Schreb. Saiigtli. 
Troglodytes Lecoopryaojus. — Less.'* lllustr. Zool. 
Icon. Le Pongo. — A udeb. Sing. 
Tyson, Anat Pyg. pi. 1. 
Less. lllustr. Zool. pi. 32 (var. a Coceix blanc). 
Black Orang of Africa. — W ils. lllustr. Zool. pi. 5, fig. 2. 
specific characters. 
The Muzzle short. The Forehead very low. The Superciliary 
Ridges prominent. 
The External Ears very large, but of human form. The Nose 
flat. 
The Pectoral Limbs reaching down to the knees. 
The Hands broad, pentadactylous. The Fingers of medium length. 
The Nails very flat, as in Man. 
The Tail and Cheek-pouches wanting. 
The Callosities slightly developed. 
The Hair black, long on the back, and scanty elsewhere. 
Inhabits the coasts of Angola and some other parts of Africa. 
The Chimpansee is covered with black or brown hair, scanty in 
front. If we may credit the reports of travellers, it approaches or 
surpasses the stature of Man ; but we have as yet seen no specimen 
in Europe which would indicate so great a size. 
It inhabits Guinea and Congo, lives in troops, constructs huts of 
boughs, arms itself with stones and clubs, using them in repelling 
Men and Elephants from their dwellings ; pursues the Negresses 
[most probably a fable], and sometimes carries them off to the 
woods, &c. 
Naturalists have long been in the habit of confounding this 
species with the Orang-Outang. When domesticated, it is suffi- 
ciently docile to be dressed, to walk, to sit, and to eat according to 
our manner. 
This animal, like the preceding, is chiefly organized for climbing trees. 
Owing to the great strength of tlie four fingers of its pectoral limbs, it can 
swing upon them for hours without inconvenience. It walks with diffi- 
culty on all-fours, clenching the fingers, and resting upon the knuckles, 
so as to avoid placing the palms upon the ground. It very rarely assumes 
the erect attitude, though it can run nimbly on the hinder-limbs for a short 
distance. During this movement, it assists the equilibrium of the body 
by placing the fore-hands upon the thighs. 
The hair is usually black, upon a skin of a light yellow. Occasionally, 
a few scattered white hairs appear in various parts of the body, especially 
near the uropygium, sometimes forming a patch upon the buttocks.’' 
On tlie back of the thighs and on the fore-arms, the points of the hair 
are directed upwards, while they point downwards in every otlier part of 
the body where they happen to be present. There is no hair on the palms 
of all the hands, and the abdomen is almost naked. 
Tlie canines in all the young specimens liitherto examined scarcely 
project beyond the line of tlie other teetli, to which they are continuous 
and approximated, as in Man. The dentition of the adult is unknown. 
For a long time it has been supposed, tliat callosities did not exist in 
the Cliimpansee, yet tliey have lately been detected in a rudimentary state 
by M. Isidore GeoffVoy-St-Hilaire, and thus it may be remarked with 
truth, that no Ape of the Old Continent, excepting the Orang-Outang, is 
wholly destitute of callosities.® 
The Chimpansee, when young, and residing in its native regions, is 
active and clieerful, but soon grows languid and dull, on being transported 
to our ungenial climate. Here it deliglits in warm clothing, rolling itself 
carefully in a blanket on retiring to rest. Its cry presents little variation ; 
sometimes it emits a kind of howl or loud barking noise, wlien irritated ; 
at other times, it cries like a petted child ; or utters a sound like Item, pro- 
nounced in a grave tone, especially on being presented with sweetmeats, 
'['lie habits of a female specimen, bought, by Captain Payne, from a native 
trader from the banks of tlie Gaboon, are thus described by Dr Traill. 
„ ‘ S"e. in particular, Richard Owen, On the Ostcolofty of the Chimpanzee an.l Orang-Utan, in the Transaetions of the Zoolopcal Soe.e ty of London vo . I. J. 
H'Ibwood, An Account of a Pair of Hinacr-IIands of an Orang-Otang, in the Transactions of the Linntcan aociety. X^ . JrijitiEs Account ot the Dissection of o bimia 
in the Philosophical Magazine. LVU. ;-Fbed. CuvieI, Des^iption d’un Orang-Outang, in the Annales du Museum, X VI ;-T iedkmann, Das Gehirn des Ourang- 
0“‘angs, in the Zeitseln irt fur Physiologic, II. ;_an,l Rudolp.ii, Ueber den Orang- Utang und Beweis dass derse be ein junger Pongo f 
* ’•'’Bssischen Akademie der Wissensehaften zu Berlin, for 1824. Also, the Momoire sur les Orangs -Outangs, by M.M. Cuvier and Geolfroy- St- Hilaire, published in the Ma- 
7 had figure of It (Ohs. Med. p. 271), which Is repre^nted much better by^^^nat ^^I^gmy. 
P'- '), eopiod by ^hreher nl 1 , B. Scotin has given a tolerable figure, copied in Ammn. Acad. VI. pi. I, fig. 3, and in Schreh. 1. C. A specimen kept by Buffon, pre- 
is rep’^esented rather indiffefently in the Hist. Nat. XIV. 1, under the name of Jocko. The same .peeimen is 
“ Mouveinent .Muse. nl. 1 fie 1) under the name of Quimpe.se. It is the same given by Audebeit, under the name of Pongo, but al er p merely. 
the liar, mCofirr.' 
® Tyson, .Xnat. Pvq. The Anatomy of a Pygmy, by Dr Edviard Tyson, London, 1699. 
, Lvss. lr.Lu.srii. Zooi,._ Illustrations dc Zoologie, ou Recuoil de Figures d’Animtiux, par R. P. Lesson, Paris, 1831. 
One of these trait, of albinism, more, than usually developed, led SI. Lesson to raise his Troglodytes ^ ™ 
The Baron Cuvier places the Orang-Outang and the Chimpansee together in the genus Orang, cliaraeteriscd chiefly by the atoenee of callo .ties. This genus mu^t 
* bo suppressed. Soo the Diet. Class. d’Hist. Nat. XV. 447 M. J. B. Fischer confirms the preceding observation, by remarking, Nates etiam m hao specie esse cal- 
*“> nuperrime innotuit.” 
38 
