152 
ORDER QUADRUiMANA.— GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. 
ill its long arms, with the head resting between its knees, the Syndacty- 
lous Gibbon utters a disagreeable cry, like that of a Turkey, and appa- 
rently without any motive. When in confinement it takes its food with 
indifference, raises it to the mouth without eagerness, and allows it to be 
taken away without astonishment. The manner of drinking consists in 
plunging the fingers in water, and then sucking them. 
The forehead is almost wholly wanting, the eyes are sunk in their 
orbits, the nose is broad and flat. The nostrils, placed likewise in this 
species on the sides of the nose, are very large ; the mouth opens the 
whole extent of the jaws, and the cheeks are buried under the projecting 
cheek-bones. A large naked sac, oily, and flabby like a goitre, hangs 
under the throat ; the hair is glossy, soft, long, and thick, of a deep 
black, except on the eyebrows and chin, where it is reddish. The thighs 
being arched inwards are always bent. The guttural sac of this animal 
extends and swells largely, occasioning the peculiarity of its cry. It is 
rather above three and a half feet in height. 
All the Apes of the Old Continent, which now remain to be de- 
scribed, have the liver divided into several lobes : the coecum large, 
short, and without appendage ; and the hyoid bone shaped like a 
buckler. 
GENUS IV. CERCOPITHECUS.'— GUENONS. 
Si/ru Les Guenons Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 91. 
CERCoriTHECUS fin part) Briss.- Reg. Anim. 193 Erxl. 22 Illig. 
Prodr. 68 — Temm. Mon. Mam. 
Cercocebus (in part) et Cebcohthecus. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XTX. 
— Desra. Mam. 
SiMrA (in part). — Linn. Gmel Fisch. Syn. Mam. 
GENERIC CHABACTEES. 
The Muzzle slightly elongated. The Stomach round, and of medium 
size. 
The Body and Limbs slender. 
The Thumbs of the anterior hands short. 
The Nails of the thumbs flat, the remainder semi-cylindrical. 
The Hands pentadactylous. 
The Tail long. 
The Callosities and Cheek-pouches always present. 
The Haib plentiful. 
The Last Molar of the lower jaw with four tubercles only. 
Inhabit Africa. 
With a muzzle projecting about 60“, the Guenons have cheek- 
pouches, a tail, and callosities, while the last true molar in the lower 
jaw, like the other two, has only four tubercles. The species are 
very numerous, varying greatly in size and colour. These ani- 
mals are abundant in Africa, where they live in troops, and make 
great havoc in gardens and cultivated fields. They may be easily 
tamed. 
This genus contains fifteen species, the reality of which cannot reason- 
ably be doubted.’ Three others, noticed by writers of good authority, 
are apparently referable to this genus, but the information given is as yet 
insufficient fully to establish their claims. 
The dentition of the Guenons has been verified upon all the species. 
In the upper jaw, the first incisor is twice as broad as the second ; the 
latter is narrow, and does not rise to the level of the first. The canine 
is very long, sharp, and trenchant on its hinder part, and a small interval se- 
parates it from the incisors. The first false molar, which touches the canine, 
presents externally a conical point, and internally an oblique plane, 
swelling in the middle, and circumscribed at its lower part by a project- 
ing border. The second false molar is larger than the first, and has the 
same form, except that the internal border is so much elevated, as to ap- 
pear almost like a tubercle. The three real molars are nearly of equal 
size, and composed of four similar tubercles, arising from a horizontal 
and a transverse.furrow, intersecting each other at right angles, and di- 
viding the tooth into four equal parts. In the lower jaw, the first incisor, 
though smaller than the corre.sponding tooth in the opposite jaw, is still 
larger than the second incisor. It terminates in a straight line, while the 
second incisor is sloped off towards the canine. The latter mentioned 
tooth is not so strong as the canine of the opposite jaw, but is sharp , 
rounded, and terminated at its base behind by a very prominent heel, di- 
vided by a slight groove into two lobules. The first false molar presents 
no conical point, but is remarkable for an inclined plane extending an- 
teriorly and externally, much longer than the other, upon which the in- 
ternal and flat part of the opposite canine glides by a movement exactly 
similar to that exhibited by the carnassier teeth of the carnivorous ani- 
mals, being in fact the same as the action of a pair of scissors. The 
second false molar exhibits a conical tubercle in front, and a circular de- 
pression towards the middle of tlie hinder part. The three following 
molars increasing gradually in size from the first to the third, exactly re- 
semble the molars of the opposite jaw. 
The Guenons, in respect to their organization, seem to hold a medium 
station among all the Apes of the Old Continent. The head is tolerably 
round, although the muzzle projects, and their facial angle is about 50“. 
Their ears are of medium size, and similar in form to those of man. 
The nose is flat, their forms light and slender, their tail and limbs elon- 
gated, but not so much so as in the Solemn Apes (^Sevinnjnthecus), while, 
on the contrary, the thumbs of their anterior bands, though short, are 
longer than those of the latter. The callosities of all the species are very 
strong, and their cheek-pouches well marked. Their teeth have very 
prominent tubercles, and arc not worn down by detrition as in the Solemn 
Apes. This arises from the circumstance that the Guenons live princi- 
pally upon fruits and roots, while the Solemn Apes feed chiefly upon 
leaves. The stomach of the Guenons is round and of medium size. 
There is no important variation in the colours of the sexes. 
These animals are evidently formed for residing on trees, which are at 
once their abode and place of refuge. On being alarmed, they instantly 
take flight, and leaping rapidly from bough to bough, soon disappear. 
The leap is their habitual pace, Ibr they can walk on two limbs only with 
considerable difficulty, and they are equally unadapted for making any 
rapid progress upon four. Hence they never willingly adopt these 
paces, excepting for very short distances, or when they are not hurried. 
Their cheek-pouches, which are large, serve as magazines for de- 
positing their food. Numerous troops disperse themselves in the fields 
and gardens near their native forests, pillage them of fruit, and, filling 
their cheek-pouches, retreat on the slightest alarm to their inaccessible 
abodes in the woods. 
There is something hasty and capricious in the manners of the Guen- 
ons, which strikes an observer at the first glance. Nothing can fix their 
attention for any length of time to one object. The dread of continual 
torture serves to command it for a moment ; and in a few rare instances 
they have been known to become attached by kind treatment. Their 
curiosity is very great; but, when apparently occupied in attentively ex- 
amining some object, the slightest circumstance is sufficient to divert 
their attention, and the object in their hands is instantly allowed to fall 
to the ground. It is interesting to remark the rapidity and caprice with 
which they change every moment their temper and occupations. 
Although there are many species of Apes in Africa, yet it is remarked 
by travellers that they do not mix promiscuously, but that each occupies 
a separate district. 
All the Guenons yet known are of African origin. One species is said 
to come from Bengal, but this is most probably an error. 
1. CERCOPITHECUS RUBER.— RED GUENON. 
Syn. Le Patas. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 91. 
SiMiA bubra Linn. Gmel. I. 42 — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 24. 
Ceucofithecus BUBER. — Geofl’. Ann. Mus. XIX. 96. — Desm. Mam. 59. 
Red Monkey — Penn. Qundr. 208. — Shaw, Gen. Zool. I. 49. 
Icon. Patas male aduUe — GcofF. et F. Cuv. Hist. Mam. 
Le Patas a queue courte, — Audeh. Sing. 
Patas A bandeau noib femclle — Geoff, et F. Cuv. Hist. Mam. 
Buflbn, Hist. Nat. XIV. pi. 25 and 26. 
8FEC1F1C CHARACTEBS. 
The Hair of a bright yellowish-red above, white beneatli, a black or a 
white band over the eye. 
Inhabits Senegal. 
The Red Guenon is remarkable for the brilliancy of its coat, which is 
of so bright a red on the upper part, that it appears as if exaggerated by 
the hand of a painter. There are two varieties of this species, the one 
' Corcopithecus kirkos, tail, and pithex^ an Ape), Apes with tails, a name in use among the ancient Greeks — Note of the Baron Cuvier. 
* Baiss. Reg. Asni.J-Le R&gne Animal, divise en IX. classes, par M. Brisson. Paris, 1756. 
’ The Baron Cuvier, in the second edition of the Rtgne Animal, enumerates only thirteen species. Two others have since been established, making the number as stated 
in tho text. The catalogues of most other systematic writers run very wide of the mark. Tomminck (Mon. Mam.) asserts that there are 19 or 20, but does not specify them- 
Geoffrey (Ann. Mus.) distributed the species of this genus among two genera (Cercopitheeus and Cercocebus), and his example was followed by Desmarest. But the institu- 
tion of the genus Semnopithecus by Fred. Cuvier occasioned the latter (Cercocebus) to bo suppressed in ail works of any authority, and reduced tlic number of species in the 
genus Cercopitheeus from 20 or 21 to 13. However, the Catalogues of British ZoologisU still exhibit the old division Cercocebus, which rests upon no real basis, in addi- 
tion to the new genus Semnopithecus, thus multiplying sub-divisions without any adequate reason. Mojor Hamilton Smith, Sir William Jardine, and Mr Stark, have followed 
M. Dosmarest pretty closely, merely omitting C. maurus. Of their 18 species, at least five are fictitious or referable to other genera. These nominal species are C. aaratus, 
latibarbatus, pilcatus, albocinereus, and Atys. 
