GENUS CYNOCEPHALUS. 
165 
smells every suspected object very carefully. Almost every kind of food 
can be given it. In the wild state, fruits and leaves form its liabitual diet; 
in confinement it eats fruit, bread, and boiled vegetables, especially car- 
rots and potatoes. It drinks by sucking in. Wlien enraged, its jaws are 
agitated with astonishing rapidity, its movements become violent, and it 
emits a loud and hoarse cry, whicli becomes rather mild when the 
passion subsides. Its strong canine teeth, and its thick and long, though 
flat nails, are capable of inflicting severe wounds. A natural fondness for 
society induces it to adopt any little animals which may be placed with it : 
these are carried about, loaded with caresses, and cannot be taken away 
without putting the Barbary Macaco in a violent passion. These ani- 
mals have the highest affection for their young, which they preserve in 
a state of great cleanliness. Their geographical range does not extend 
eastward beyond Egypt. 
H. MACACUS NIGER.— BLACK MACACO. 
Syn- SiMiA Ntoa.t. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 98. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 
CYXO 0 EPHAt.us Nigeb Desm. Mam. Suppl. pl. 534 Isid. Geoff, in 
Belang. Voy. 
Macacos Nioeb (The Black Apb).— Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. I. 
1S9. 
Icon. Quoy et Gaiin. Voy. do I’Astr. Mammiferes, pl. 6, — pl. 7 (anatomical). 
Gray,' Spicil. Zool. pl. 1, fig. 2. 
specific CIIAKACTEKS. 
The Hair entirely black ; a tnft of long hair forming a crest on the top 
of the head. 
The Tail tuberculous. 
Inhabits the Molucca Islands. 
The present species is arranged by the Baron Cuvier, Desmarest, and 
others, among the Baboons (Cynocephalus) ; but it wants the terminal 
nostrils of that Genus, and ought, therefore, to be considered as a true 
Macacus; at the same time it indicates the passage towards the Baboons, 
to which in other respects it bears a near aifinity. 
The hair on all parts of the body is of a pure and shining black, very 
Jong and woolly ; that of the cheeks shorter, blacker, and more dense, 
forming cheek-tufts, and the entire upper part of the head is ornamented 
with a crest of hair which is very long towards the occiput. The callosities 
are of a bright red. The face is broad and prominent, narrowed at the nos- 
trils, and abrnptlj' truncated, with the nostrils placed obliquely on the upper 
surface. The projection of the muzzle is not disagreeable to the eye ; 
and its countenance, unlike that of the Baboons, is agreeable and intel- 
ligent. 
DOUBTFDL SPECIES. 
1. M. CARBONAEIUS, figured in F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. under the 
name of Le Macaque a pace noibe, appears to differ from the M. cyno- 
■nolgus merely in having a black face. 
2. M. sPEciosus, illustrated in the work just mentioned under the name 
nf Le Macaque a face bouge, differs from M. cynomolgns only in having 
'ts tail considerably shorter, and a brighter reddish tint upon the face. 
3. M. abctoides (Isid. Geoff, in Belang Voy.) seems to be a variety of 
rile M. Maiirus of Fred. Cuvier. 
GENUS IX. CYNOCEPHALUS^ BABOONS. 
Le.s CvNOcfipiiALES ET LES MANDRILLS. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 97 and 
98. 
Ct.nocephalus — Briss. Reg. Anim. (in part) Illig. Prodr. — Desm. 
Mam. — Isid. GeofF. in Belang. Voy. 
Papio (in part) — Briss. Reg. Anim — Erxl — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 
101 . 
Simla (in part) — Linn. Gmel — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 
Cynocephale — Temm. Mon. Mam. 
GKNEItlC CHAUACTERS. 
The Muzzle much elongated, and truncated at the extremity. The 
amal Angle from 30° to 35°. The Nostrils terminal. 
1^‘iE Limbs very robust, and nearly of equal length. 
The Cheek-pouches and Callosities always present. 
^he Hair wanting about the callosities. 
fHE Last Molar of the upper jaw with five, and of the lower iaw 
'»>th SIX, tubercles. 
iNiiABii^Africa and some adjacent parts of Asia. 
The Baboons have the teeth, cheek-pouches, and callosities of 
'e preceding genus, but in addition to these characters, their muz- 
e IS very much elongated, .and truncated at the extremity, where 
the nostrils are placed. The latter circumstance occasions their 
physiognomy to resemble that of a Dog, rather than of the other 
Apes. Their tail varies in length. 
These, in general, are large, ferocious, and dangerous Apes ; most 
of them are found in Africa. 
From the particulars above mentioned, it will readily be perceived that 
the Baboons approach more nearly in their characters to the lower orders 
of Mammiferous animals than to any other Apes of the Old World. 
With them the vertical po.sitioD is rendered still more difficult to maintain, 
and their habitual mode of progression is consequently on all the four 
hands. The forests are not their favourite places of resort ; in general 
they either prefer the mountains, or localities interspersed with hillocks, 
rocks, and brushwood. Notwithstanding the clumsiness of their forms, 
they climb trees with much ease, and exhibit no small agility in their leaps. 
Travellers notice, probably with some exaggeration, the danger whicli 
females, residing in the neighbonrliood of the Baboons, undergo from the 
ferocity of the males. Negresses are said to have been forcibly carried 
off by the Cynocephali, and even to have lived very happily with them 
for several years, while the animals, detaining them in caverns, supplied 
them regularly with provisions, &c. These statements derive their pro- 
bability from the fact that adult Baboons exhibit the most frantic and 
outrageous gestures at the sight of a woman, especially a very young one. 
When visited by the latter in the menageries, they rush against the bars 
of their cage, shake them with all their might, accompanying this violence 
by the most terrific cries or disgusting gestures, which are heightened still 
more if the object of their regard happens to be accompanied by a male 
of her own species. 
All these animals attain a considerable size, which is nearly that of a 
Wolf. When attacked, they defend themselves vigorously; but, though 
ferocious, do not usually attack others, except at a distance, by throwing 
branches of trees, or menacing them by tlieir cries. Their dispositions 
present a singular compounil of passion and ferocity, blended with much 
intelligence and cunning. In a few seconds, they pass from one extreme 
to another, from indifference to the most violent passion, without any 
apparent cause for the sudden change. Their fury, when in confinement, 
is capable of rising to a pitch sufficient to occasion death itself. M. F. 
Cuvier tells us that he has seen several expire from the consequences of 
tlieir passion. 
Being without the elevated hinder limbs of most other Apes of the Old 
World, they walk on all the four hands with greater ease, though far 
from equalling, in this respect, the true quadrupeds. Their movements 
on the ground are always constrained, their walk slow, and their run is 
merely a kind of trot or shuffling gallop. Rarely they stand in an erect 
posture, and advance only a few steps in this manner. During their ex- 
treme youth, the agility with which tliey climb trees is remarkable ; in old 
age, they usually continue resting on their callosities. Tlieir chief food 
consists of fruits and roots, with the tender leaves and young slioots of 
certain plants. When about to eat, they always commence with filling 
their cheek-pouches, and drink the fluid, by sucking inwards, like other 
animals with long and moveable lips. These animals are said by M. 
F. Cuvier to be “ tres-lascifs, toujours disposes a I'accoupleinent, et, bien 
differents des autres auimaux, les femelles re 9 oivent les mfdes meme 
aprtis la conception. Celles-ci, lorsqu’elles ne sent pas pleines, entrent 
tons les mois en nit ; et cet etat se manifeste par mi gonflement consider- 
able, cause par raccumiilalion dii sang dans les organes genitaux, et h's 
parties qui les avoisinent et il est accompagne d’mie veritable menstrua- 
tion." Their growth is slow, and they do not become completely adult 
until the eighth or tenth year. The females are smaller and milder than 
the males. 
■ The Baboons compose a very natural group of Quadrumanous animals, 
consisting of six well-authenticated species, which may be recognised at a 
single glance by their terminal nostrils. They admit of being arranged 
under two sections, distinguished by the length of their tail, the Proper 
Baboons (Fapions), with tails nearly as long as the body ; and the Man- 
drills, with a very short tail. The dentition of all these animals perfectly 
resembles that of the Macacos already described. Their tail rises up- 
wards near its base, and the remainder, if any, not being susceptible of 
muscular motion, falls perpendicularly downwards. 
(A.) Proper Baboons. (Papions.) 
Syn. Lf.s Cy.noceI’Hales Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 97. 
The Proper Baboons cannot he regarded ns generically distinct from 
tile Mandrills; at the same time, they are destitute of those singularly bright 
coloured markings, which distinguish the latter from all other Mammife- 
rous animals, if wo except the greenish scrotum found in the Giivet, Ver- 
vet, and Green Guenons, with the bright ultramarine of the Malbrouek. 
OyiiocephAlus ' Zoologioa, or Original Fjguroa and Short Systematie Descriptions of new and unfigured Animals. By .lohn Edward Gray. 
^IgRres of the Ahrmii. nuun, dog, and >ci(petK^, hcphalc, head) is a term well known to the ancients, and this animal occupies a prominent place in tho symbolical 
42 "^* ns, whore it represents Thoth or iMercury. — Note of the Baron Cuvier. 
