APES OF AMERICA. ’ 
169 
among the fore-fingers as in Man, but the index of the hinder-hands is 
invariably the longest of all. and the other fingers diminish gradually to 
the fourth finger, which is the shortest. The naked parts of the hands 
present the same arrangement of the papill® of the skin in concentric 
curves, and as the papillm on the tips of the fingers are very fine, we 
may infer that the organ of touch is extremely delicate in the Orang-Ou- 
tang. 
All the naked parts of the body and head, excepting the orbits and the 
lips, are of a blueish slate grey. The hair is uniformly throughout of a 
deep chestnut brown, more or less glossy, but the beard and moustachios 
are of a yellowish-red. There is no difference in the colours of the male 
and female, even in their different periods of age. The young of the year, 
those of five, six, or eight years, do not vary in this respect from the full- 
grown adults ; but there is a slight difference in the quantity of hair, the 
young being more plentifully furnished than the adult. 
None of the individuals in the possession of M. Teraminck have true 
callosities ; the epidermis being merely hardened by the frequent sitting 
posture. The teeth of the old animals, especially the males, are much 
used by detrition, so that their original structure and the crown have to- 
tally disappeared. The canines of the males are much stronger than those 
of the females, which are regularly straight and conical ; while those of 
the males are very strong compared with tlie other teetli, and their direc- 
tion outwards is strongly marked. 
On comparing the skeleton of the adult male with that of Man, several 
modifications were noticed in its structure. The seven vertebrae of the 
neck form a column as long as that of Man, but their spinous processes, 
commencing with that of the axis, are vastly longer, though but slightly 
forked at their extremity. The hole for the passage of the spinal cord is 
much narrower than in Man. The variation in the magnitude of the fa- 
cial angle, according to the ages of individuals, is very remarkable. 
In the skulls of two very old males, it was from . 35° to 37“ 
In a female nearly adult, . . . 38“ 
In a female atthe period when the last molar was appearing, 40" 
In an individual of less size, . . • 48" 
In two individuals about 1 ft. 11 in. high, . 52" 
In a very young specimen about 1 ft. 6 in. high, . 65" 
2. PITHECUS ABELII RED ORANG. 
THE YOUNG. 
Syn. Obang Roux. — Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 136. 
Jeune Orang-Outang. — Marion de Procd in Ann. des Sc. Nat. V. (2d 
serie.s), p. 313. 
Icon. Obang-Outang Abel. Chin. p. 318. 
The existence of a species of Red Orang in the Islands of Sumatra and 
Borneo is rendered extremely probable, by the discovery that the young 
Orang-Outang is of the same dark chestnut brown colour as the adult. 
Hitherto, Dr Abel’s Orang-Outang, as well as the notice of M. Marion 
de Procc, have been considered as referring to the young Orang-Outang ; 
but they now appear to belong to the young of an unknown species, which 
may be called the Red Orang. 
It difl’ers from the young of the Orang-Outang in being covered with 
long red hair; that of the head extends in front upon the forehead, pro- 
ducing the appearance of a periwig. It has long eyelashes, and its muzzle 
is not prominent. ' 
ABDITION TO 
GENUS VIII. sp. 8. — Macacos Nemestbinus. — Pig-tailed 
Macaco. 
(See page 164.) 
Add. Syn. Simia Carpolegus. — Raffles, in Linn. Tran^. X.1XI. 243. 
The Pig-tailed Macaco, called Bruh by the Malays, is very common 
in the neighbourhood of Bencoolen. Of the three varieties found there, 
the Bruh-setopong is the largest, the most docile, and most intelli- 
gent. It is much esteemed by the inhabitants, who train it to ascend 
trees for the purpose of gathering cocoa-nuts, in which service it. is very 
expert. When sent to gather this fruit, it selects the ripe nuts with great 
judgment, and pulls no more than it is ordered. Its height is about two 
feet when sitting. The other varieties, called Bruh-selasi and Bruh- 
puti, are of a darker colour, more intractible, and less intelligent. 
TRIBE II.— PLATYRRHINA — APES OF AMERICA. 
SYNONYMS. 
Platybrhini (TrAaruf, plains, broad, ' qii/cs, rrhina, nostrils). — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 104. 
Les Singes du Nouveau Continent Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 99. 
Cebus. — Fisch. Syn, Mam. 37. 
CHARACTERS OF THE TRIBE. 
2 -f- C -f (3 F -f 3) M_18_„ 
=36 
The Dental Formula, , ^ ^ ^ -f (3 ^-1- 3) M 18 
The Nostrils separated by a broad partition, and opening on the sides of the nose, the genus Eriodes excepted. 
The Callosities and Cheek-pouches always wanting. 
The Tail always long, sometimes prehensile. 
Inhabit America. 
The Apes of the New Continent have four molar teeth more than 
others, making thirty-six teeth in all ; they have long tails, 
cheek-pouches ; the buttocks hairy, and without callosities ; the 
nostrils [usually] pierced in the sides of the nose, and not beneath. All 
larger Quadrumanous animals of America belong to this division; 
flieir great intestines are less inflated ; their coecum longer and 
fliinner than in the Apes of the Old Continent. 
These Quadrumanous animals form a natural group, wholly distinct 
from those hitherto described. Buffon was the first to notice the re- 
•narkable diflbrence in their characters, which would almost seem to 
®Yince that they belonged to different creations. It will be recollected 
that the Apes of the Old World have, with the single exception of the 
Orangs, their buttocks destitute of hair, while natural .and inherent cal- 
losities cover those parts ; they most commonly have cheek-pouches for 
holding their provisions ; and the partition of their nostrils is narrow, 
jrod opens beneath the nose as in Man. All these characters are want- 
'og in the Apes of America. The partition of tlieir nostrils is, with a few 
exceptions, very thick ; the nostrils open on the sides of the nose and not 
•‘oneath ; their buttocks are entirely covered with hair, and they have no 
Callosities. They are wholly destitute of cheek-pouches, and they differ 
not only specifically from the Quadrumanous animals of the Old Conti- 
nent, but generically, and these primary variations in the characters, 
"'hich their generality renders highly remarkable, draw along with them a 
number of subsidiary differences, rendering the subdivision at once natural 
and satisfactory. 
43 
Although in the normal and perfect state of these Apes of America, 
we find six molar teeth on each side and in each jaw, it occasionally hap- 
pens, as well as with those of the other Continent, that a lc.ss number 
is found either when young individuals have not acquired their full coni- 
plcment of teeth, or when individual specimens have lost some of them 
through old age. Hence it will sometimes happen that only five molars 
will be found, as in the Apes of America. M. Geoffrey lias, hovi'ever, 
noticed on one occasion the existence of seven molars oil each side of the 
upper jaw, in a very old Cebus Apella; and the same number of molars 
have been found by M. Isidore GeofFroy in both jaws, but only on one side, 
of an Ateles pentadactylus. 
Buffon first proposed the subdivision of the Apes of America into two 
sub-tribes, the Sap ajoos and Sagoins, according as their tails are, or are not, 
prehensile. Subsequently M. Spix separated them into Gvmnuri, or Naked- 
tails, wherein the extremity of the tail is naked and callous beneath, and 
Trichuri, or Hairy-tails, where it is entirely covered with hair. Were it 
not for the genus Cebus, or Weepers, whose tails are at once hairy arid pre- 
hensile, these two divisions would coincide; the Siipajoos and Gymuuri 
being otherwise prehensile and naked, while the Sagoins and Trichuri are 
not prehensile, and are covered with hair over the entire smfiice of the tail. 
The prehensile nature of the tail, upon which Buffon s subdivision is 
founded, is at once a striking and singular adaptation of an organ, which 
in most other animals is either rudimentary, or hangs uselessly downwards. 
It becomes among the Sapajoos in some respects a fifth hand, by which 
the animal can seize distant objAits without moving its body, or hang sus- 
jiended from the branches of a tree, even after life is extinct. 
