ORDER QUADRUMANA.— GENUS PITHECIA. 
182 
8. CALLITHRIX DONACOPHILA D’ORBIGNY’S SQDIRREL- 
MONKEY. 
Syn. ct Icon. Caluthmx donacophill'S. — D’Orb. Voy. pi. 6 (Mamraiferes). 
SPECIFIC CHAIIACTEE.S. 
The Haie of a uniform greyish-brown, interspersed with white. 
The Face and Hands bluish-grey. 
Inhabiis South America. 
A figure of this animal is given in D'Orbigny’s Voyage, now in course 
of publication ; but its description has not yet reached us. It appears to 
be fond of climbing the elevated reeds of those tropical regions. 
IMAGINABY SPECIES. 
1. C. Nigeipeons of Spix, is identical with C. personata. 
2. C. CiNERAScENs of Spix, is the young of C. melanochir. 
3. C. Amicta, and, 
4. C. Lugess, do not differ specifically from C. torquata. 
GENUS VII. PITHECIA.— FOX-TAILS. 
Syn. PiTHECiA (Schweif Affe). — Illig. Prodr — Kuhl, Beitr. — (Saki) Desm. 
Mam. — Geoffl Ann. Mus. XIX. 
Sl-MIA (in part). — Linn. Gmel. I. — Humb. Obs. Zool. 
Cebcs (in part). — Erxl. 
BEACHVuaus (in part). — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. 
GENERIC CHARACTERS. 
The Head round. The Muzzle short. The Facial Angle about 60”. 
The Eyes and Ears resembling those of Man. 
The Canine Teeth powerful, and projecting forwards. 
The Body and Limbs medium size. Habits diurnal or crepuscular. 
The Tail usually long, and plentifully covered with long hairs. 
The Nails short and curved. 
Inhabits South America. 
Several of the Sagoins have the tail long and bushy, for which 
reason they may be called Fox-tailed Flonheys (Singes a queue de 
renard), or briefly Fox-tails, and their teeth project forwards to a 
greater degree than in the other Monkeys. The above are the 
Pithecia of Desmarest and Illiger. One species, having the tail 
less than the body, is separated by Spix from the remainder to 
form his Genus Brachyurus. 
The Fox-tails are also designated Night Monkeys in Cayenne, but in- 
accurately, as they are not really nocturnal but rather crepuscular, being 
busily astir principally in the evenings and at early dawn. They have a 
general resemblance to the Sapajoos and the remaining Sagoins j but are 
distinguished from the former in not having the tail prehensile ; and from 
the other genera of Sagoins, by the tail being supplied with long and 
bushy hair. Another, and very marked essential cluaracter, consists in 
the circumstance of their incisive teeth not preserving their parallelism 
with the canines, but being crowded together as if forced forwards by the 
great size of the canines. Their head is round, their muzzle short, and 
the facial angle ranges from about 60° to 52°. The size of the ear is 
moderate ; the nasal bones are elevated and extended j the tail is some- 
what shorter than the body ; the hands are pentadactylous, with short 
and curved claws. 
These animals usually reside in the depths of the forest, where they 
conceal themselves or sleep during the day, so that their manners are not 
well known. Their usual food is fruit and insects ; they collect in small 
troops ; and they are often pursued by some of the larger Monkeys, who 
seize their supplies, and beat them if they have the temerity to resist. 
1. PITHECIA LEUCOCEPHALA WHITE-HEADED 
FOX-TAIL. 
Syn. I.E Yarkk.— Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 10.3. 
Pithecia leiicOCEPHala— GeofT. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam. (No. 
91).— Kuhl, Beitr. 
SiMiA LEUCOCEPHALA (Yaruuk). — H umb. Obs. Zool. p. 359. 
PmiF.ciA OCHROCEPHALA (var). — Kulil, Beitr. — Desm. Mam. 
Icon. L’Yauque Buff. Hist. Nat. XV. pi. 12. — Audeb. Sing. — Schreb. 
Saiigth. pi. 32. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
The Hair brownish-black; a broad yellowish-white circle round the 
face ; no beard. 
The Face and Hands brown. 
Inhabits Guiana. 
This species has very generally been confounded with the ReiLbreasted 
Fox-tail (P. rufiventer), though it clearly differs in its markings, which, 
according to Audebert, are very uniform. Its face is brown ; the sides 
of the head and neck are covered with a yellowish- white hair, short, and 
cut, as it were, with scissors ; the body generally is brownisli-black, 
covered with bushy hair, about four inches long. This remark applies 
also to the tail, which is nearly of the same length as the body ; on the 
extremities the hair is short ; the colour brown. 
This is a rare species, frequenting the thickets of Guiana and Surinam. 
Its habits require further elucidation. De la Borde states that this ani- 
mal goes in troops, consisting of from half-a-dozen to a dozen; whilst 
Stedman notices tha(, it is the only species of Monkey which is not soci- 
able, being always found solitary. He also remarks that it is generally 
persecuted by its congeners, who never fail to attack, and rob it of its 
stores. It feeds upon honey, rice, and the other grains used by Man. 
Tlie female has usually only one at a birth, which for a time it carries on 
its back. Its cry is said to resemble that of the Weepers. 
Sometimes these animals are found with the hair surrounding the face 
of a bright yellow-ochre lint (P. Ochrocephala of Kuhl and others), a 
variation in all probability belonging to the female or young. 
2. PITHECIA IIIRSUTA URSINE FOX-TAIL. 
Syn. Le Saki gris Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 103. 
Icon, Pithecia hirsuta (mas.) — Spix, Sim. ct Vespert. Bras. pi. 9. 
SPECIFIC characters. 
The Hair gieyish-black, very long and curly; yellowish on the hands; 
no heard. 
The Face dusky. The Hands yellow. 
Inhabits tlie banks of the Rio Solimdens and Rio Negro. 
The Ursine Fox-tail was introduced to notice by Spix ; and no addi- 
tional information has liitherto been supplied. This, however, is the 
less to be regretted, as the statements of the above named Naturalist are 
both minute and interesting. 
The native name of all these well-clad Monkeys is Paraoua. Their 
coat in a remarkable degree resembles that of the Bear. At morning and 
evening they issue from the forests, collect in great numbers, and cause 
the air to resound with their piercing cries. They are ever watchful and 
alert, so that they cannot be caught without much trouble. On the 
slightest noise they retreat with the greatest rapidity, and plunge into the 
depths of tlie forests. At the same time, when once tamed and domes- 
ticated, they become exceedingly fond of their master ; they retreat to 
him when alarmed, and rejoice to become his companion, especially at 
meal-time. 
The fur on the body and tails of these Monkeys is very bushy and 
even frizzled. The species on which we are now dwelling, and to which 
the Indians give the name of the Great Paranm, to distinguish it from a 
smaller, is greyish-black. Its hair is about three inches long, crisp, here 
and there grizzly, occasionally of a light brown hue. On the back of the 
head it is peculiarly long, and has been compared to a hood. The hands 
and feet are nearly devoid of hair, and of a light flesh colour ; the neck, 
too, is nearly naked. The tail is as long as the body. The young ones 
are of the same colour with the full-grown animals. 
3. PITHECIA SATANAS — BLACK FOX-TAIL. 
Syn. ■ Le Saki nOiR. — Cut. Reg. Anim. I. 103. 
SiMiA Satanas (Couxio). — Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 315 and 358. 
Cous Satanas. — Hoflm. in Mag. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freund. X. 
Pithecia Satanas. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam. No. 84. 
— Kuhl, Beitr. 
Icon. Humb. Obs. Zool. pi. 27. 
Brachyuros Israelita, mas. (young). — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. 
pi. 7. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
THE ADULT. 
The Hair dusky black ; scanty beneath ; a very long beard. 
THE YOUNG. 
The Hair vellowish-brown ; dusky black on the head and tail; the 
beard shott. 
The Face and Hands reddish-grey. 
Inhabits Para, Rio Negro, and the Orinoco. 
For our acquaintance with this Monkey, we are indebted to the liber- 
ality of the Count of Hoffmannsegg, who dispatched the Naturalist Sieber 
to Brazil, and, among other newly discovered animals, received from him 
a specimen of this species at Berlin. The face and all the hands are of a 
reddish-grey colour, and naked ; the mouth is large. The whole of the 
rest of the body is covered with long coarse hair of a deep brownish-blacs 
in the male, and of a yellowish- brown in the female. 
