190 
ORDER QUADRUMANA.— GENUS LEMUR. 
to the number of about thirty. It almost invariably bears its tail ele- 
vated. The fur is always clear and shining. 
It is of this animal that our countryman Edwards says, in his interest- 
ing description, “ I kept one in my house for some time : it was a very in- 
nocent, harmless creature, having none of the cunning or malice of the 
Monkey kind, though it has much of its shape and manner of sitting.” 
M. Geoffroy informs us that he had traced the history of one of these 
animals for the period of nineteen years ; hence we may conclude that it can 
be brought to support the temperature of these northern climates. At 
the same lime this individual was always much annoyed by the cold ; 
hence he often rolled himself into the shape of a ball, and covered his 
back with his tail. In winter time his favourite resort was the fire, 
putting out his paws to warm them. So much did he enjoy the warmth, that 
he permitted his wltiskers and face to be singed before he would retire; 
and often he did no more than turn his face aside. He also delighted to 
bask in the sun. He was allowed a certain degree of liberty, and made 
one of the workshops of the museum his home. Here he indulged in 
the liveliest curiosity; unceasingly in motion, he examined, pawed, 
overturned every thing. A shelf above the door of his chamber was 
his bed ; before retiring to rest, he regularly amused himself with ex- 
ercise, and for halt an hour jumped and danced with heart and heel ; 
this feat accomplished, he was asleep in a moment. He fed on bread, 
carrots, and fruit, of which he was exceedingly fond. He also ate eggs, 
and from his birth had a partiality' for roast beef and brandy. He was 
gentleness itself, sensible of caresses, familiar with every one, though 
somewhat taciturn in his declining days ; at the same time he had no 
partialities, and jumped on the knees or shoulders indifferently of every 
visitor. 
M. F. Cuvier also studied the manners of this favourite animal ; and 
he has recorded a few facts which we must not omit. The palm of 
the hand extends, so to speak, in a straight line, hid under the hair, 
to the middle of the fore-arm, where it reappears naked ; a somewhat 
singular occurrence. Again, when the arm of this Lemur is stretched 
out, its fingers are necessarily closed ; accounting for the facility with 
which these animals hang from the branches. Many Naturalists have 
fallen into the mistake that the tongue is rough like the FeliruB, whereas 
it is smooth. It is to be added, that these animals, though they never use 
their teeth to bite or to cut, yet have the sociable instinct of using 
them to dress the vestments of their fellows ; in fact, they use them as 
a kind of comb ; and, finally, says M. F. Cuvier, I have been able to 
verify the observation of Linumus, that, when at their ease and happy, 
they purr like the Cat. 
Though thus well known in Europe, it would appear to be very dif- 
ferent in their native haunts. At all events, no information of their 
native manners has been recorded. All we know on this point is 
the remark of Flaccourt, that they live upon trees, and congregate in 
troops to the number of thirty or forty. 
2. LEMUR MACACO.— RUFFED LEMUR. 
Syn. Le Vam — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 107. 
Lemue Macaco — Linn. Gmel — Geoff. Ann. Mus Desm. Mara. 
Ruffed Lemur — Shaw, Gen. Zool. I. — Ruffed Maocauco. Penn. 
Quadr. I. No. 151. 
Icon. Maki Vari — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 
Le Vari Audeb. Sing — Le Vari (Var. A.)— Ibid Buff. Hist. Nat. 
XIII. pi. 27. 
Black Maocauco Edw. Birds, pi. 217. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
The Hair longest on the cheeks ; varied with large black and white 
spots ; on the tail entirely black. 
Though this Ruffed Lemur has a specific name (iHrrcaco), very' much 
resembling a common appellation {Mococo') of the one preceding, yet 
there seems to be the widest difference in their natural disposition, 
much greater, indeed, than in their external appearance. In its natural 
haunts this animal appears to be quite ferocious, and Flaccourt says they 
are furious like Tigers, and that two of them will make a noise which 
might pass for a hundred. They are also, he says, very difficult to tame, 
if not captured when quite young. This character is borne out by what 
is reported by M. F. Cuvier of one whose dispositions he had watched 
in a state of confinement. One of these Macacos was put into a cage 
with one of its congeners, where for a time they lived without hostility, 
if not with much cordiality. Ere long, however, they were removed into 
another cage, and in a different locality, upon which the Macaco mur- 
dered his companion during the night, and devoured him all but the skin. 
The only specific characters which have been supplied of this animal 
relate to the markings of the fur, which, after all, are by no means uniform. 
They differ somewhat in the sexes, though confined to black and white. 
The black prevails on the face, body, feet, and tail ; but it is strikingly 
contrasted with the white of the back of the head, of a band, ribbon- 
shaped, thrown across the body, and of the four limbs, mounting behind 
over the lower part of the crupper ; the lower jaw, too, is white, and 
there is a white band on the snout. The males alone are white 
headed, the females superiorly being all black. The fur is remarkable for 
its beauty ; it is very long and bushy, and remarkably soft to the touch. 
The Ruffed Lemur is about seventeen inches long, from the snout to the 
origin of the tail ; its tail has the same dimensions. At Malmaison, where 
Madame Bonaparte amused herself by collecting a number of objects of 
Natural History, this species bred occasionally. The eyes of the young 
were open at birth. 
Audebert gives a variety, founded upon trifling differences of the 
nnirkings ; sometimes the upper part of the body is all white. 
3. LEMUR RUBER RED LEMUR 
Syn. Le Maki rouge Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 107. 
Lemur ruber. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam. — P^ron et 
L^sueur. 
Icon. Maki roui femelle. — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 
specific characters. 
The Hair of a bright reddish marrone ; the face, hands, tail, belly, and 
the inner surfaces of the limbs, black ; a white spot on the back of the 
neck. 
This, the most beautiful perhaps of all the Lemurs, was first noticed 
by the able and unfortunate Commergon during his sojourn at Mada- 
gascar. He took a drawing of it, which lay long neglected among his 
papers. The interesting and indefatigable Peron, again, in his short visit 
to the same island, was struck with the appearance of the animal, and 
sent its fur to Paris, where it was preserved. France had the good for- 
tune to receive the third specimen, which has been noticed in the Annales 
des Sciences, which animal was brought home alive in a merchant ship, 
and in the Jardin des Ptanies fell under the observation of F. Cuvier, who 
gave a drawing and description of it in his Mammifires. This individual 
was a female, and probably the markings of the mule arc different ; they 
are, however, unknown. 
This individual is the most beautiful of the Lemurs hitherto described, 
both from its size and shape, and also from its brilliant colouring. In its 
general organization it resembles the other Lemurs. The upper parts of 
the body, including the back, the sides of the body and neck, the outer 
sides of the extremities, and the summit and sides of the head, are of a 
beautiful chestnut-red colour; whilst the face, hands, and feet, together 
with the inner sides of the limbs, and the under parts of the neck, chest, 
and belly, and the whole of the tail, are of the deepest black colour : there 
is besides a broad white marking on the back of the neck, and a band of 
the same colour over the instep and back of the head ; and the reddish 
tint is somewhat paler round the ears. The eyes are fawn-coloured. M. 
Cuvier remarks, that there are very few animals in which the colouring 
of the under parts of the body is of a deeper shade than that of the 
upper; and the Grison alone had previously been supposed to exhibit 
this anomaly. 
This Red Lemur was very gentle and tame ; and though very agile, it 
was usually sad and somnolent ; it spent its days rolled np in the shape 
of a ball, and waked up only to cat. It never emitted any cry. It was 
seventeen inches long from the snout to the origin of the tail, which ex- 
tended to eighteen inches. 
4. LEMUR ALBIMANUS — WHITE-HANDED LEMUR. 
Syn. Lemur albimamds — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX Desm. Mam. 
Lemur collaris.— .G eoff, et Desm. ubi supra. 
Icon. Le Mongouz. — Audeb. Sing. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
The Hair greyish-brown above ; reddish marrone on the cheeks ; belly 
white ; all the hands white. 
This animal is far from being well known ; although it has been de- 
scribed by Brisson, from a specimen in the Museum of Reaumur, and also 
by Audebert, under what would now be regarded the inaccurate name 
of Mongous (Buffijn). From snout to tail it measures about sixteen 
inches. Its snout is black ; its ears round ; the hair of the face is short, 
and of a yellowish-grey colour, that of the temple and throat ferruginous. 
The top of the head, neck, shoulders, back, and outer sides of the limbs, 
are clothed with a deep brown-grey fur somewhat speckled ; that of the 
