30 
ORDER CHIROPTERA.— GENUS RHINOLOPHUS. 
in its medial line to the cartilages which form the nostrils, it becomes in 
a measure a pair of auricles to these apertures, whose openings are late- 
ral ; this fold is about half the breadth of the leaf properly so called. 
The ears are very large, and the portion which is united over the 
forehead exceeds that which is free above. The operculum consists of 
two lobes, in the form of half a heart ; the internal lobe is round at its 
extremity, the external acute, and twice the length of the other. The 
interfemoral membrane includes three tendons, which take their origin at 
the coccyx, and run in a straight line, the lateral ones to the tarsi, and 
the middle one to the external margin in the course of the mesial line. 
These tendons appear useful in confining and folding the interfemoral 
membrane when required. The fur is red above, and fawn coloured 
below. 
3. MEGADERMA FRONS SMALL-EARED BROAD-WINGED 
BAT. 
Syn. La Fkoille — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 118 Buff. Hist. Nat. XIII. 
Megadebma Frons. — G eoff. Ann. Mus. XV. 198. 
Lavia Frons. — Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot. II. 
Icon. Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX, pi. 1, (head.) 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
The Vertical Nasal Appendage oval ; size, one-half of the au- 
ricle. 
Inhabits Africa. 
This Bat, remarkable for the size of its nose-leaf, and described about 
seventy years ago by the accurate Adanson, was long forgotten by Na- 
turalists. M. Daubenton, in the Memoires de V Acad, des Sciences, first 
noticed it under the name of the Leafed- Bat. Its appendage is eight lines 
high, and six broad, agreat size in proportion to that of the animal, which 
is only two inches and a quarter long from the tip of the snout to the 
extremity of the body. The ears are about twice the size of the nose- 
leaf, and these appendages are united above the forehead for half the 
extent of their inner margin ; the operculum again is half the length of 
the external ear, and very narrow and pointed towards the extremity. 
The fur is of a beautiful ash-colour, having here and there shadings of a 
delicate yellow tint. 
Adanson found it at Senegal ; it is also stated to exist in Gambia and 
Egypt. Mr Gray reports there is a specimen in the British Museum. 
IMAGINARY SPECIES. 
1. M. Trifolidm After the statements made above, we need scarcely 
remark that this alleged species is to be regarded as identical with M. 
Spasma. 
GENUS XIV. RHINOLOPHUS.— HORSE-SHOE BATS. 
Syn. Les Rhinolophes. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 118. 
RHINOLOPHUS. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. et al. 
Hipposideros et Ariteus — Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot. II. 
PlIYLLORHINA Bonap. 
Noctilio. — Kuhl et Bechstein. 
VespertiliO, (in part.) — Linn, et ErxI. 
generic CHARACTERS. 
Tub Dental Formula 
m-f C-f(2 F- |-3)M 14_ 
l2-^-C-^.(3 F-1-3)M“I^ 
More generally 
or, only 
"1HC+(2F +3)M_]4. 
F-1-3)M~I6 
^11+^(F+.3)M _12_„ 
|2-|-C-1-(2F+,3)M~J6~' 
The Muzzle obtuse. The Mamm.® two, pectoral; two inguinal glands 
not lactiferous. 
The Ears large, separated, without opercula. 
The Nose with complicated membranes. 
The Interfemoral Membrane entire. 
The Tail middle sized, included iu the interfemoral membrane. 
Inhabit the Old World. 
The Rhinolophi, commonly called Horse-shoe Bats, (Fers-a-che- 
val,) have the muzzle supplied with very complicated membranes 
and crests, attached to the chanfrin, and presenting some resem- 
blance to a Horse’s shoe i the tail is long, and included in the inter- 
femoral membrane. They have four incisors below, and two very 
small ones above, placed in the intermaxillary cartilage. Two of 
the species, very common in France, were discovered by Daiiben- 
ton. 
The variations presented by the teeth of the animals composing tliis 
genus liave long been a cause of annoyance to Naturalists and confusion 
in the Science, which M. Temminck has at last succeeded in removing. 
That distinguished Professor, as is well known, has long been engaged 
with several monographs on various tribes of the animal scries, amongst 
others on these Bats ; and we avail ourselves of the present opportunity 
to express our obligations to him, our admiration of his ardent zeal, 
and the successful issue of his labours. Generally two incisors are 
found in the upper jaw, but sometimes there are none : they are 
connected vvith the intermaxillary cartilages, wliich again are connected 
with the nasal cartilage ; they arc obtuse, very sm.ill, sometimes scarcely 
visible, and often fall out in advanced age. The lower incisors are some- 
what crowded, and are either bi-lobed or tri-lobed. The canines have a 
heel of very considerable size, which is developed with age, and yet does 
not displace the incisors as we have previously seen in other genera. The 
variation in tlie molars, which have tlirce sliarp cusps, is tilso remark- 
able. Sometimes there are four in the upper jaw and five in the under; 
and in this case there is no kind ofanoruialor false grinder: — sometimes 
again there are five above and five below ; and when this occurs, we find 
an anormal tootli, not in the regular line of the teeth, placed c.xternally 
upon the heel of the canine, and without any apparent use : finally, 
again, there are sometimes five teeth aboveand six below, and then there 
is an additional false molar in the lower jaw. Thus we explain how the 
total number of teeth is twenty.eight, thirty, and more rarely thirty-two. 
We have now in addition to notice, that the Rhinolopbi are destitute 
of an intermaxillary bone connected in the usual way with the maxil- 
Jaries ; and this bone is replaced in those species which are furnished with 
upper incisors, (as already stated respecting the Megadcrmala,) with two 
small osseous laminm, wliich are flat, very thin, diverging at their extre- 
mities, and touching each other in the middle ; each of these small la- 
miniB suspended in the nasal cartilage supports a tooth, not very firmly 
attached to these moving lamina:, and falling out under the slightest vio- 
lence. Notwithstanding this, however, they do not regularly disappear, 
and when exposed to pressure they must yield and recoil, for the great 
majority of ihis group are generally found with these teeth in the 
adult stale, and they .are always in the young. Those species, again, 
which altogether want these teeth, are found destitute of them at every 
period of their existence, in consequence of the absence of the intermax- 
illary laminae, which are replaced by a simple cartilage. This singular 
intermaxillary apparatus is put into action hy sets of muscles, which 
give to this genus, as we have already noticed in others, the power of 
elev.ating or depressing the upper incisors ; thus exhibiting in these Mam- 
malia an analogy with the peculiar formation which exists in numerous 
Serpents. The posterior extremity of the nasal cartilage and the two bony 
laminae are suspended at the anterior extremity of the vomer ; and their 
movements seem to depend upon the organ of smell, which is very de- 
licate in these animals, and to which we shall presently revert. 
The llhinolophi are quite destitute of the fibula, or smaller leg-bone ; 
the tibia again is long and slender j and they have no great toe, which, as 
in the genus Dysopes, is separate and opposable to the others. The 
radius is mucli bent, and the accompanying ulna is remarkably short and 
rudimentary. The sternum is projecting, and its angle salient. As to the 
phalanges of the toes, the index finger has but one, and the others have 
two or tliiee, the metacarpal bone being taken into account. The tail is 
long, and wholly or partially embraced even to its last articulation by the 
interfemoral membrane. 
For a long time doubts were entertained as to the use which was to be 
ascribed to two abdominal papillary tubercles which were placed a little 
above the pubis ; some authors believing they were a second pair of 
true niaminm. Kuhl, in speaking of one of the species, mentions that 
they bad not appeared in the females of a year old, that they are 
scarcely visible in those tliat are two years old, and that they are not 
completely developed till the age of three. The same Naturalist also 
demonstrated that these parts were not mammee properly so called, be- 
cause they did r.ot terminate in glands which served for the secretion of 
the milky fluid , he affirmed, on the other hand, that they terminated 
in the cavity of the pelvis. Curious to verify the observations made by 
M. Kuhl, as well as by Bechstein and others, M. Temminck informs 
118 that he made minute investigations in half a dozen of species, and 
the result satisfied him that these nipples in no degree subserve the func- 
tion of lactation, but give issue only to an oily and fetid secretion, which 
greatly increases the disagreeable odour which these animals exhale ; and 
which confined to the males serves the same ends as the syphons or 
odoriferous glands which are observed in many other geneta o( the Chir- 
optera. They arc found in most of the Dysopes, and in many of the Fru- 
givori, in some Pliyllostomes, and in the species Sjieoris and nobilis of 
our present genus. 
It has been stated that the ear of the Rhinolophi possesses nothing 
which can supply the deficiency of the operculum or tragus ; an asser- 
