THE HORSE- SHOE DATS. 
31 
tion which is true concerning some of the species. It applies to all those 
which have the nose-leaf simple and transversal, and which will be found 
arranged in the first section of the genus ; in these we may say there is 
no operculum, or it is very imperfectly developed, their car is straight, 
without the tragus, or any conspicuous lobe. On the other hand, all 
those species which have a complicated nose-leaf, or one in the form 
of a spear-head, and which go to form the second section of our ar- 
rangement, are possessed of an inferior lohe more or less distinct, and 
transversal, detached from the ear by a furrow more or less marked, and 
which effects the closing of the organ as completely as it is possible to con- 
ceive that any other apparatus could do. This lobe is in a remarkable 
degree developed in some species which belong to India, of which we 
may mention the Trifalialus, Lucius, Eurotis, and Diadema ; it is also 
very distinct in some of the European species. 
The organ of smell presents a complication in this genus similar to 
what we have seen in the Megadermata, and such as we shall find in some 
genera which succeed. The nasal cliambers do not extend beyond the 
first molars, and are tortuous andglobose ; the entrance to the nostrils is 
found in front and below ; it is a large opening which the intermaxillary 
bones, reduced to two thin laminm, terminate, and which accompany the 
motions of the lips; these latter parts, again, rising in folds as high as the 
chanfrin, leave between themselves and the nasal chambers a void space, at 
the bottom of which, and as it were in a tube, are the openings of the two 
nostrils, a fold of the skin protecting and clothing the tube, and forming a 
concha. This fold projects from the nostrils in the form of a horse-shoe, 
whence the Rhinolophi of Europe have derived their name; and it is de- 
tached and rises backwards in a leaflet which differs in form in the dif- 
ferent species. The thickness of the lips results from the aggregation 
of the muscular fibres, which are entwined with each other and opposed 
in their course. The intermaxillary lamiuce, and in their absence the 
mere cartilage which is their substitute, are moved by those fibres, and 
follow all the vibrations of the organ of smell. 
The result of the inquiries hitherto made lead to tlie conclusion, that 
none of the genus llhinolophiis have as yet been found in America, nor 
in the region known under the name of Oceanica; the Sonda Islands, 
along with India, Asia, Africa, and Europe, supplying the types of the 
group. 
The Rhinolophi, as we have seen of some other genera, spend a great 
part of the year united in bands of many hundreds of individuals of the 
several sexes in immense caverns, old buildings, or in the enormous 
trunks of the worm-eaten trees of the virgin forests. When the season 
of love is past, the females separate from the males, establish them- 
selves in large bands in distinct caverns, and occupy themselves in 
each other’s society, in the care of the two little ones they bring into the 
world ; the males, at this period, also live in bands ; and the social ha- 
bits of the whole family are not resumed till the young ones are in a 
condition to provide for their own wants. M. Temminck informs us that 
he has reason to suppose that this kind of separation occurs among the 
majority of the Chiroptera, and that the young of the first year congre- 
gate by themselves. 
We shall now make a few remarks upon the lahours of those Natural- 
ists who preceded M. Temminck in his meritorious exertions. Lin- 
nmus, Erxieben, and Bechstein, took into their accounts neither the 
dental, aural, nor odoriferous organization of these Bats, which so remark- 
ably distinguishes them from all their European congeners, but associated 
them all under the common name Fespcrlilio. Linnmus, moreover, con- 
founded the two distinct European species, ascribing their dissimilarity 
to a local and accidental cause, and classed them together under the 
name of V. fcmim equinum, and for a long time his disciples maintained 
the erroneous opinion of their master. Bechstein was the first who 
distinguished the European species into two, assigning the name llipposi- 
rferos to the second; mistaking, however, another animal for it. Dau- 
benton was at last right, distinguishing them as the large and small t’er- 
a-cheval. M. Geoffroy afterwards published a memoir upon the Chir- 
optera with a compound nose-leaf, and separated these species under the 
generic title Rhinolophus, adding four foreign species; Cuvier adopted the 
views of his worthy colleague, and Dr Horsfield reviewing the species, 
added several from .lava. 
M. Temminck divides the genus into two sections ; in the former of 
which he places all the species which have the nose-Ieaf not complicated, 
with a smooth edge, placed transversely, ribband-like, on the chanfrin ; 
these have no distinct lobe at the base of the concha of the ear, or, at 
all events, it is very insignificant : this section has no representative in 
Europe. The second group includes those species whicii have the nose- 
leaf more or less complicated, elevated in the form of the lance-hcad, and 
having a cartilaginous leaf-stalk; these animals have a marked lobe at 
the base of the aural coticha, and this lobe, more or less developed, is 
used in closing the auditory foramen, and is the substitute of the more 
largely developed tragus of tlie other genera of the Chiroptera. The two 
European species belong to this section. 
(A.) Vv^'iTn A SIMPLE Nose-leaf, transversal, 
AND MORE OR LESS CIRCULAR. 
(HiPPOirTDEROS,) GrAY. 
1. RHINOLOPHUS NOBILIS KEBBLECK HORSE-SHOE BAT. 
Syn. et Icon. llnt-NOl-OPHus nobii.is Ilorsf. Jav. — Temra. Mon. Mara. II. 
10, pi. 28, pi. 29, fig. 1. 
SPECll'lC CtlABACTEns. 
The Haiii chestnut-brown above, paler beneath ; on the sides of the 
neck, abdomen, and arms, whitish. 
The Tail as long as the tibia. 
The Nasal Ai’I’endaoe with the edge notched. 
The Ears broad and pointed. 
Inhabits Java, the Moluccas, and Timor. 
This is the largest of the known Rhinolophi ; its total length being 
about five inches, of which the tail and membrane occupy one and a 
half inch ; its extreme breadth is nineteen inches. Dr Horsfield supplied 
a description of the first specimens which reached Europe, since which, 
M. Temminck has received others from Java and the Moluccas, and 
some from Timor. Its head is large; the ears are simply^ shell-shaped, 
nearly as broad as they are high, without any distinct lobe, and clothed 
with fur exteriorly at their base. The nose leaf is simple, with its- ter- 
minal edge notched tomewhat like a crown ; behind, and at the base of 
this leaf, there exist four small orifices or syphons, almost imperceptible 
to the naked eye ; the horse-shoe discharges the office of a funnel, and 
consists of a broad membrane, which is pointed forwards, and of lateral 
folds; the tail is half the length of the fore-arm. In the adult the two 
upper incisors are approximated and converging; the four lower are 
lobed, and more or less crowded according to the development of the 
heel of the canines. There are five molars above, the one connected 
with the canine being very small, and without any apparent function. 
The fur is very soft and fine ; it is also long, .abundant, and shaggy. The 
shoulders and middle of the back are of a fine chestnut colour ; below, the 
shoulders and the lateral parts of the back are pure white ; the top of the 
head and the back of the neck are wdiitish-grey ; the tips of the hair being 
brown ; at the region of the head of the humerus a chestnut band surrounds 
the white; the sides of the chest, the flanks, and arms, are pure white; the 
cheeks and sides of the neck brownish-grey', the hairs tipt with white; 
the middle of the chest and abdomen mouse-coloured. The membranes 
are of a deep brown ; the ears are clad nearly to their middle, the re- 
mainder is nuked, and marked with stria;. These are the markings of 
the adult ; those of the young and ineaii age are still wanting to complete 
the history of this beautiful species. 
The nohilis appears, as already stated, to have a wide distrihution. 
Two specimens exist in the museum belonging to the Honourable East 
India Company, and numerous specimens in those of the Netherlands. 
It issues from its native haunts in the evening, flying about the roads and 
shady walks, and during the day clings in preference to the leaves of the 
Banana-tree, {Musa sapieulmn.') It feeds on nocturnal insects. The 
Javanese call it Kebbleck. 
2. RHINOLOPHUS DIADEMA.— DIADEM HORSE-SHOE BAT. 
Syn. et Icon. Rhinolophus Diadema — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. 203, pi. 6, 
pi. 5, (head. )— Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 12 ; pi. 20 and 27, 
copied from Geoff. 
specific characters. 
The Hair golden reddish-brown above, greyish beneath, and on the 
head. 
The Tail as long as the tibia. 
The Nasal Appendage resembling a crown ; the upper margin 
rounded. 
The Ears broad and pointed. 
Inhabits Timor. 
The Diadem Rhinolophus is somewhat less than the preceding, its 
length being five inches, two of which go to the tail, and the extreme 
breadth sixteen. The head is small in proportion to the size of the ears, 
wliich are large, and higher than broad, the pointed extremity being 
somewhat curved backwards ; they are naked, diaphanous, and have 
something like a lobe towards the base of the concha. The nose-leaf is 
simple, the terminal edge being in the shape of a quadrant, more or less 
rolled upon itself ; another transverse folicle, somewhat elevated into a 
point towards the centre, is found between the great leaf and the nostrils ; 
its lateral margins unite with the horse-shoe, and orm, as pointed out by 
