34 
ORDER CHIROPTERA^GENUS RHINOLOPHUS. 
tached to the edge of the cartilaginous laminse; the under ones are tri- 
lobed, and crowded : there is a blunt false molar in the upper jaw. 
The fur is bushy, coarse, and of many colours. On the upper parts 
of the body the hairs are white at the base, then brown like a decayed 
leaf, and light red at the point ; the back and neck are quite brown ; the 
face and sides of the neck liidit brown , the chest is whitish, with a shade 
of brown; the flanks are deep brown, and the middle of the abdomen 
light brown ; the ears and nose-leaf are dark brown, and all the other 
membranes blackish-brown. 
This description of M. Temminck’s is taken from the examination of 
five individuals which MM. Macklot and Muller procured during their 
residence in the Moluccas. 
10. KHINOLOPHUS TRIFOLIATUS — TREFOIL HORSE-SHOE 
BAT. 
Syn. Rhinolophijs laiFOLiATUS. — Tcmm. Mon. Mam. H. 27. 
Icon. Ib. — pi. 31. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 
The Hair ash-red above; ash-brown beneath. 
The Nasal Appendage with three leaves, complicated, (see descrip- 
tion.) 
The Ears broad, pointed, and much sloped ; the lobe one-half the 
size of the concha. 
Inhabits Java. 
The discovery of this singular species was made by the Dutch travel- 
ler Van Hasselt in one of his peregrinations in the wild district of Ban- 
tam, where he found two individuals suspended in a large tree in the 
depths of the forest. The native inhabitants denominate it Tyoma-maat ; 
and it is free from any disagreeable odour. 
The size of this Trefoil Rhinolophus is in extreme length three inches, 
and in extreme breadth twelve. The tail is as long as the tibia ; the cu- 
taneous system is very complicated, and much developed, the alar mem- 
branes being large, as are the ears, which are broad, pointed, and much 
sloped ; the inferior lobe is half the size of the superior, and forms a 
transverse fold, which can completely shut the meatus. The nose-leaf 
is double, the anterior one being transversal, rounded, and united by a slip 
to the great posterior leaf, which is shaped like a spear-head : the horse- 
shoe is also formed of two raembrane.s, the outer of which forms a large 
border ; the leaf-stalk, composed of a thick membrane, springs from the 
middle of the horse-shoe, and ascends nearly as far as the great leaf; it is 
divided into three pointed leaflets, not unlike the Clover leaf: there are 
also two large warts upon the upper lip. In the adult there are no in- 
cisors in the upper jaw ; the four of the lower are crowded, and the me- 
sial ones sometimes full out ; there is no small anorrnal tooth between 
the canine and first molar of the upper jaw. 
The fur is very long, copious, and fine : the base of the muzzle, the 
eyes, and a portion of the ears, being hid under it. The upper parts of 
the body are of an ash red colour, lighter towards the head than on the 
back ; the head and neck are reddish- white, the chest and abdomen ash- 
brown ; the auricle and nasal membranes are yellow and blackish-brown at 
the points. The flying membranes are naked, of a light brown colour, 
but blackish-brown where they adhere to the body and fore-arm. 
11. RHINOLOPHUS UNIHASTATUS.— GREATER HORSE-SHOE 
BAT. 
Syn. Vespertilio Ferrum eqiiinu.m a Major. — Linn. Grael. I. 50. 
Horse-Shoe Bat Penn. Quadr. — Shaw, Zool. 
IlULNOLOPtins Ferrum F.ouiNUM. — Jcnyns, Man.' p. 19. 
Icon. Rhinolophus UNlu,tsTATUs — (unifer.) — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. pi. 5, 
copied in Teinm. Mon. 1 1, pi. 27. 
Grand fer .a cheval. — Buff. Hist. Nat. VIII. pi. 17, fig. 2, copied in 
Sclireb. Sailgtli. pi. 62, (upper figs.) 
specific characters. 
The Hair grey in the male, reddish in the female. 
The Nasal Appendage lanceolate, complicated. 
The Ears notched on the outer margin. 
Inhabits Europe, (including Britain;) Northern and Southern Africa, 
The Greater Horse-Shoe Bat inhabits the quarries, where soli- 
tary individuals are found, suspended by their feet, and enveloped 
by their membranes so as to permit no other part of the body to 
be seen. 
At length we arrive at the first British animal, next to Man, in the 
natural series. These diminutive animals are found in caves in the South 
of England, or in old buildings, such as Bristol and Rochester Cathe- 
drals, Dartford Powder Mills, &c. Their range extends eastward, over 
France and Germany, to the borders of the Caspian Sea, and southward 
to the Cape of Good Hope. 
These Bats are usually observed in company with Vespertilio murinus 
and auritus, very seldom in woods or gardens, but most commonly in old 
buildings, behind the partitions or wainscotting. Their bybernation is 
not by any means profound. It is no uncommon thing to see tliem flit- 
ting about during a flue day in winter, at a season when other Bats 
would inevitably perish. In spring they are the first of the tribe to 
awaken, and thus seem less susceptible of cold than any other species 
with wliicli we are familiar. 
As they resume their active functions at an early period of the year, it 
would have been difficult for them to find adequate lucaiis of support 
had not a wise instinct directed them to the ponds for food. Here they 
flutter for hours, with the bead banging downwards, and touching the 
water in search of the larvae of insects. It was probably in accordance 
with this instinct that Nature lias supplied them wiib their singuiar nasal 
appendage, which, acting as an inverted bell, may steady the bead, and 
prevent it from becoming immersed. Spiders also contribute to their 
support. 
Ihe female commonly bears two young, after a gestation of three 
w'eeks ; they are deposited in some crevice of the walls, and are able to 
cling from the moment of their birth ; hence the crevice in which they are 
placed is often little more than a simple depression. 
In warm days they are seen hanging or sleeping under the roofs of 
houses, and the slightest stroke occasions them to fall down dead. Owls, 
Weasels, and Cats, prey on them ; their bodies are subject to the attacks 
of Acarus ricinus, which is found even during hybernation. 
This species sometimes attains the length of four inches nearly, the 
tail occupying rather more than an inch, and the extreme expanse fifteen 
incites. Its wings are long, and of medium brcatllh ; the tail, which is 
enveloped in the interfemoral membrane, is two-thirds the knglli of the 
fore-arm. The ears are large, pointed, distant, and with a sloping edge ; 
the inferior lobe is distinct but small. The nose-leaf is doubly festooned 
at its base, terminates in a spear-bead, wbicli is covered towards its point 
with hair and some .slender bristles. The horse-slioe is formed by a broad 
lateral membrane divided in front; a leaf-stalk, wb.icli does not support 
the lance-shaped membrane, springs from the middle of tlie horse-shoe. A 
solilary tiansverse wart is situated at the margin of the lower lip. The 
two upper incisors are scarcely visible, and have a weak attachment to 
the cartilaginous lamina: ; the four under ones are crowded ; the olituse 
false molar is very small. 
The fur is long but smooth ; the hair bi-coloured above, and of one 
colour below, is long and straight on the front of the neck, covering the 
half of the fore-arm, and of the side membranes ; the ears likewise are 
clad at the base, and in the interior of their posterior edge. The superior 
parts of the male are asli-colourcd, with a shade of blue more or less 
deep, although all the hairs are whitish at their base. Underneath the 
colour is light grey, somewb.at darker upon the foie-arm and flanks, the 
long hair on the front of the neck being fairer. The membranes are a 
dull black. In the female, the roots of the hair are white, and they are 
red or reddish towards the points ; the under parts of the body are of a 
slightly red ash colour. M. Temminck mentions tlmt, judging from the 
numerous specimens he has examined, he concludes that there arc slight 
local differences of shade in the eolour of the fur; the males of tempe- 
rate and colder countries having the upper parts of their body of a very 
deep grey, and the females of a lively russet hue, whilst individuals in the 
south of Europe, Egypt, the Cape of Good Hope, have brighter tints, 
ash-coloured in the male, and light red in the female. 
This species is found in some parts of Europe, particularly the south ; 
also in the uortliern and middle portions of Africa. The majority of 
those received by M. Temminck were captured in the ruins of the old 
castle of Heidelberg. Bechsteiu informs us that they are very common 
in Thuringia. 
12. RHINOLOPHUS JAPANICUS.— JAVANESE HORSE-SHOE 
BAT. 
Syn. Riunolofiius Nippon. — Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 30. a. 
Icon. 
specific characters. 
The Hair in the male brown above, ash-grey, tipped with brown, be- 
neath ; in the female, dull red above, white, tinged with red, beneath. 
The Na.sal Appendage complicated, much developed. 
Inhabits Java. 
1 Jesyns, Man. A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. — Cambridge, 1835. 
