4 
MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 10. 
parable when it can be demonstrated that the salient elements 
of the complex are the same. In the absence, however, of histor- 
ical data, sameness at any given time may only mean sameness 
in the interpretation of the cultural phenomena by the people. 
INTERPRETATION OF THE TWOFOLD DIVISION AND 
THE CLANS. 
We have assumed that the twofold division of the Winnebago, 
Dhegiha, and Tciwere had a common historical origin, because 
this complex is the same in each case. As we have seen, our 
identification was based upon the existence in these three tribal 
units of specific similarities apart from those of social organiza- 
ation. Rigid proof that the type of social organization is his- 
torically identical among these tribes is not, however, forth- 
coming. This will become even more apparent when we con- 
sider the twofold division from the point of view of the names 
they bear, the subdivisions within them, and their specific 
functions. 
According to our informants the twofold organization 
among the Dhegiha and Tciwere only existed upon specific 
occasions, when the tribe was on the tribal hunt. We are in com- 
plete ignorance as to whether in olden times this arrangement 
was reflected in the village, but we know that whether it was or 
not, the twofold division was present in a very difinite manner 
in the consciousness of the people themselves, i.e., every individ- 
ual definitely knew to which one of the two divisions he be- 
longed, and that certain names and functions were associated 
with them. The moment, however, that we stop to analyse 
these names, functions, etc., we realize at once that to-day 
they connote different ideas in the different tribes under dis- 
cussion. The names of the divisions seem particularly signi- 
ficant in this connexion. Among the Omaha they are known as 
Ictacunda and Hayga, probably connoting Sky people and 
Leaders ; among the Ponka as Wajaje and Tcjju , Earth and Thun- 
der; among the Kansa as Yata and Ictuyga, Right side and Left 
side; among the Osage as Tcjju and Harjga, Peace and War side. 
The names for the Kwapa, Oto, Missouri, and Iowa are not 
