SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF WINNEBAGO INDIANS. 
5 
known. It will be seen at a glance that the terms Ictacunda 
and Tcjju are identical, and it will also be noticed by reference 
to the monographs of J. O. Dorsey 1 and Miss A. Fletcher and 
F. La Flesche 2 that these names as well as the name Hayga 
are names of subdivisions within these divisions. Were these 
names first used to designate the two divisions or the sub- 
divisions? There seems to be no reason for believing that the 
names were first applied to the larger divisions, whereas a 
number of facts speak strongly in favour of the reverse. In no 
case, for instance, can it be shown that the two divisions per se 
have any functions except that of regulating marriage. The 
various political and ceremonial functions displayed by these 
divisions pertain to the subdivisions composing them. Owing 
to the massing together of a number of such functions on each 
side, we often obtain the impression that these belong to the larger 
unit as such. And indeed this may be said to be true at the 
present time, in so far as the functions of one subdivision have 
become identified with the larger unit. We will treat of these 
points afterwards. All that we wish to point out here is that 
the names of the two divisions may be different, and that they 
may connote different ideas in the different divisions of an histor- 
ically related culture, due to specific historical development 
within each. Among the Cegiha, there seem to be a number 
of reasons for assuming that the present names of the two 
divisions are not the historically primary ones, and we will 
have to look askance at such an attempt as that of Miss Fletcher 
and F. LaFlesche to regard the names of the Ictacunda and Hagga 
divisions of the Omaha as indicating the historically fundamental 
religio-social concepts of that tribe. 
It is far more difficult to discuss the names of the sub- 
divisions or “gentes” within the two larger divisions. From a 
comparative point of view it must be regarded as significant 
that the names of the subdivisions within the Tciwere tribes 
tally almost exactly with those of the Winnebago and that those 
of the Dhegiha tribes tally with the names of many of the two 
latter, although they possess, in addition, a large number not 
1 "A Study of Siouan Cults,” B. A. E. Annual Reports, Vol. XI. 
* “The Omaha Tribe,” ibid., Vol. XXVII. 
