6 
MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 10. 
found among them. The Tciwere and Winnebago have animal 
appellations for their clans, the Dhegiha have animal appel- 
lations, plus type of designation, descriptive of animal taboo. 
Which of the two types is older it is difficult to say. The fact 
might be noted, however, that the animal names have, to a 
large extent, been forgotten and that the descriptive taboo-appel- 
lations have not; that in a number of cases there is some reason 
for believing that these animal appellations have been re-inter- 
preted and in other cases replaced by non-animal designations; 
that the origin myths of these divisions always explain why a 
certain animal is associated with a subdivision, and rarely 
the origin of the taboo name; and, lastly, that the larger percent- 
age of personal names is strictly comparable to the clan names of 
the Winnebago and the Tciwere. On the other hand, the de- 
scriptive taboo type of name is found frequently among the band 
appellations of the Plains Indians, with whom the Omaha have 
come in intimate contact and by whom they have been influenced 
along definite lines of ceremonial and social development. 
For these reasons we would like to suggest that the animal 
appellations are historically primary and that the taboo type 
became subsequently popular and spread over the whole tribe. 
Examples of changes in the names of subdivisions are by no means 
isolated. The Winnebago exhibit a tendency to substitute 
names indicative of the function of a clan for the old animal 
names — and this has gone so far that a large number of individ- 
uals would probably deny to-day that the Hawk and the Warrior 
clan are one and the same. Again, among the Osage, Kansa, 
and Kwapa we find Sun and Star clans, and, if we were to imagine 
that for some reason or another the latter type of name became 
popular, it might here become dominant within a comparatively 
short time. 
Like the twofold division, the clan may connote a number 
of different things to the minds of the Indians. The Omaha 
apparently use the term tonwQg&on , which means literally 
“place-of-habitation-of-those-related,” g&Q being the possessive- 
reflexive pronoun. It would thus seem to coincide with a 
geographical unit. The Kwapa use the term enikaciga, evidently 
meaning “people”; the Kansa, the term waytimjclq, “those-who- 
