SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF WINNEBAGO INDIANS. 
7 
sing-together”; the Osage, the term pgda, “fireplace”; and the 
Winnebago, the term hokik'a-'radjdra, “those-related-to-one- 
another.” The remarks made about the specific names of 
the twofold divisions apply here. There is no reason for assum- 
ing that these names are historically primary. A possible 
historical hint that they are not will be mentioned later. 
The twofold division apparently regulates nothing but 
marriage. It has at the present time no other function per se. 
Nevertheless, a number of ethnologists, and for that matter 
Indians themselves, speak of the functions of the two sides. 
If we consider the Omaha “circle,” we notice that practically all 
the ceremonial functions are on one side; that among the Osage 
“war” and “peace” functions are found on both sides; and that, 
as a matter of fact, the functions of war and peace apparently 
relate to a certain reciprocal relation existing between the two 
divisions. Indeed, there is no reason to justify the use of these 
terms. Among the Iowa, J. O. Dorsey quotes Hamilton to the 
effect that the regulation of the hunt and other tribal affairs 
was in the hands of one “phratry” during the autumn and 
winter, and in that of the other in spring and summer. It is, 
however, doubtful whether this was the case. Among the 
Winnebago, as we shall see, the functions of war and peace 
were grouped together on one side, the functions of the other 
side being confined to those relating to the policing and regulation 
of the hunt. But the only fact with which we can concern 
ourselves is not whether there appears a balancing of functions 
connected with the social organization, but whether the Indian 
thinks there is ; and here the consensus of opinion favours the view 
that no Omaha, e.g., would for a moment suppose that the 
Haygacenu division as such was the custodian of the real pipes 
of peace. This belonged to the Inkesabe gens, and there is not 
a shred of evidence to support the view that it was delegated to 
that clan by the larger unit. The same reasoning applies to 
the Hayga clan. That the importance of the possessions of the 
latter clan played an important part in the associations of the 
Omaha, even to the extent of impressing its name upon the 
whole division, we do not doubt for a moment. Other reasons 
