36 
MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 10. 
let us say, some individual who has killed a member of the 
tribe and who refuses to make atonement of any kind, is pursued, 
he defiantly sings his clan songs. 
As a last element in the clan-complex may be mentioned 
the specific facial decorations existing in each clan. 
We have now completed the discussion of clan organization. 
As we saw, it consisted of a large number of cultural elements 
of the most heterogeneous historical origin. So many indica- 
tions are there, indeed, of interpretations, reinterpretations, 
and secondary associations that it is impossible to form any 
correct idea of what is historically primary, except the self- 
evident fact that the complex has grown around a strong 
social-political unit. 
THE CLAN AS A SOCIO-CEREMONIAL COMPLEX. 
Up to the present our attention has been directed entirely 
to the clan as a socio-political complex and only passing men- 
tion has been made of those religious or ceremonial associations 
that may also have clustered around it. Among the Omaha, 
as we have frequently pointed out, these latter associations 
were of paramount importance and probably dwarfed the 
development of the political functions. Among the Winnebago, 
on the whole, they were unimportant. This very fact makes 
the solitary instance in which a fairly marked development 
took place of all the greater val le, quite apart from the fact 
that it happens to give, on the one hand, an exceptionally 
instructive illustration of the secondary association of a cere- 
monial function with a social unit, and, on the other, a similarly 
instructive illustration of the association of a function generally 
belonging to an individual shaman with a social unit. Such 
an association has taken place with the Bear clan, and, owing 
to its importance, we will quote the data in extenso. The 
ceremony is known as ‘‘soldiers’ dance" ( manype waci). 
‘‘When sickness comes upon a Winnebago village, the people 
go to the chief and say, ‘Sickness has come upon us, O chief! 
See that your soldiers arise!’ And the chief goes to the lodge 
of the leading Bear clansman and, offering him tobacco, speaks 
