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MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 9. 
terior border of the cavity so that the anterior root of the zygoma 
is indistinct. It is submitted that such a shallow glenoid fossa 
is an approach to a state that is usual in anthropoid apes; (among 
Australian crania Nos. 2138, 2139, 2140, exhibit the same feature 
in a less marked degree).” I myself have noted this glenoid 
flattening, exemplified in a most remarkable manner, in some 
New Caledonian crania belonging to the Williamson collection 
in the Museum of the Royal Army Medical college, London; 
indeed, it was during an examination of these crania that my 
attention was first called to this peculiarity. I have also 
noted this condition in the skulls of other races living under 
primitive conditions, but in most of them it would seem to be 
probably a local and no doubt in some cases an individual 
characteristic; one can, for example, find many Australian 
crania with deep, well marked, glenoid fossae and the same 
remark applies to other races. When, however, one examines 
a series of Eskimo skulls, one is at once struck by the almost 
uniformly shallow appearance of these fossae; it seems, indeed, 
to be the exception to find in an Eskimo skull a very concave 
glenoid fossa, whilst many of them present an extreme appear- 
ance of glenoid flattening. 
When an examination is made of the glenoid fossa in any 
skull which exhibits this shallow form, it becomes evident that 
this appearance is due most largely to the rolling and flattening 
out in the forward and outward direction of the eminentia 
articularis, as well as perhaps to a relatively lesser depth of fossa. 
Hence, in extreme cases, such as in figure 3, Plate II, the emin- 
entia articularis merges into the fossa in a continuous straight 
line, while the fossa itself is wide and shallow. In intermediate 
forms, such as figure 6, Plate II, the eminentia, although con- 
siderably flattened, yet is still slightly curved, while the 'anterior 
concave portion’ of the fossa can now be recognized. The 
glenoid fossa in the skulls of modern civilized man, presents a 
very different appearance to this: the eminentia is high and 
prominent, while the concave portion is deep and very clearly 
defined. See diagram, Plate I, and figures 1 and 2, Plate II. 
Now C. S. Tomes, in his “Dental Anatomy,” points out 
the influence of different methods of mastication upon the form 
