149 
Aooost r, the TROPIOAW AQRIOUUTURIST; 
Broadly epeakiug the temperature represeuta the aver- 
agea of the maximum and minimum obaervatiooii 
and they do not as a rule vary in Buubh Coorg more 
than five or ten degrees from ibotto given. 
A oousideratiou of the foregoing explaioa why 
' shade/’ recommended by Dr. Bidie, who saw 
its good effects on the PoUi Beltaa where it 
had Deen planted by Mr, Minobin, who I am informeu 
saw its good etfeot in Mnuserabad, ia so useful in 
retarding borer development. 
Xhe mean minimum tompersture must not tail below 
66 deg. F. or the development of the beetle is retarded, 
and anade by ahuUiug out tho sun’s rays lowers 
the temperature. 
The eggs it kept at a temperature of 36 deg. for 
24 hours are all kiiied, few reuiat a temperature of 
40 deg, ; but if the tompcrature is maintained at 
from 80 deg. to 90 deg. almost all the eggs will give 
forth larviQ in about 10 days. Henoe when a very 
dry aeasun with hot east wind occurs borer " 
failures are more numeruQs. It ia also the reason 
why borer has been 10 much worte lu the Bamboo’’ 
distribta than lu the forest and ghnuis, and ia the 
chief reason lor shads becoming neoesaary in the 
hot eastern diatriota. 
Xhe beetle when depositing its eggs select# a crack 
or oreVice on thu auhoy aide of the tree, and 
avoids the aide upon which the monsoon rain 
u ahower of rain deatroya the eggs 
Which have not been ao placed that they are kept 
^y. Shade does great good by retrirdiog the dove* 
topme^t of the eggs, su giving the treea a greater 
® of being treed by tho rain from them. 
A o satisfy myself as regards the influence of moisture 
A oonducUd a sorus oi osporimeuta on the .deve- 
lopment of the eggs, which I will briefly deaoribe. 
AWiilVb • borer trees taken out iu May were 
<jxpetimeijt : they were as equal as 
poisiblo m Bi,e ; vho primaries were ou( off. 
stoma were placed standing 
“P ground level, ou 
“ pa'J of wool. The 
■“ • “ualiu ego whioh was kept 
No. 9 was the 
mme as No. l, only tUo pad of wool was omitted. 
X< 0 . 3 was tho ..me as No. 2. In Nob. 1 and 2 the 
soil was kept cou»tantly damp, and iu No. 1 the 
pad of wool alto ; No. 3 was quite dry. Previous ex- 
periniouts liad aliowu that a tomporaiure of 80° to 
30° was most favourabio to the dovetopnacoV of the 
eggs, and 1 maiutatned that temperature as nearly 
as possible, 
°v6t 
N°’ ■> I, at the root 
No. 8 „ (Ify 
escaped Irom .one of the trees in No, 8 
ih. »*Vf'**’ SoP'ooiber f cut up the trees with 
tne following results 1 — 
Sep!'?^. •>“* “P 
No. Larvn. 
t 20 
2 63 
Pupw. 
8 
8 191 il 
The average per tree is 
No. I 
6-76 
Beetles. 
Totals. 
23 
71 
208 
17*75 
3 
51-30 
This s^owB that a tree left lying on the ground 
dan^* i”**®" ‘‘ oonftsntl, 
Smost all iSi ‘’‘® "“‘^her will develop 
almost all the eggs deposited on it. This pouits to 
^uUeT*out.““““‘’’" *‘*® *'«"»••«>“ « 
was «*foTlowt “^borersl found fn one tree 
Tree taken out July Slh. 1887, out up S.ptombor 8tb. 
W Borer Urubs, or Laevso 
22 Pupce 
1 X’ly* Beetle or Imago 
88 total in the tree in vatiooi phages 
of development. One beetle esoaped before 1 out up 
the tree, so that there were altogether 84 "borers" 
in that one tree. 
This tree wui kep. earefnlly dry, and at an equable 
temperature vatyiug from about to 80°. 
Linder favorable ciroufflslaaeea the life history as 
follows;— 
The beetle deposits the eggs in a orovice oi the 
bark on the sunny side of the trse ; in about ten days 
the larva hatch out, but it may require 15 to 20 . 
The larva work, on its side end oannut sdvsuos 
unless there is a resistance behind : this the newly 
hatched inssct obtains trom a piojeotion or oorriigatiou 
of the bark ; in 24 hours or less the creature is buried 
under the bark. Once iu the tree it advances, cum- 
paoting the eawduat-like matter it exoretos by au- 
mixture with a gummy substauoe which aided uy ibe 
pressure of the insect loccing itself up agaimsi tue wood 
It is devouring becomes almost as hard as the aunouud- 
iiig wood, and flllS the tunnel beoind the advaueihg 
larva. This work goes on tor irom three to five iquutlis, 
when having rskohed its full development' lul l.rva 
having advbooed to within about 1 iuoh of tuu Data 
uudorgoo, transformation entering the pupa state, 
lu this state it is covered by a thin transparent en- 
velope, and lies with its head towards the oark and 
the tail towards the centre j it remains lu this state 
till the temprature is snitable, probably about Uiiee 
weeks or a month, when it oudergues its filial cuaiige to 
the beetle which eats its way out. If the larva fia. nut 
worked near euongh to the bark betore changing, thu 
beetle may laii to escape, there being more wood than 
it cau oooaume. 
Jb'rom egg to beetle the average duration of the in- 
dividual file ia about six montn., ifie m.juri.y of tbe 
race developing iu May and Uctofier, 
As 1 have already exceeded my limit 1 must cunclude, 
though 1 have omitted a description ol tbe Becile ana 
Borer drub, and merely given an outline ol the most 
important faots, 
WlBXilAM PBlNGiliB, 41 . 8 . 0 . 1 ., Agricultural Ufiumist. 
Bangalore, 8rd July 1891. 
PART II, 
This paper gives a deaoripliou of the Holometa- 
bolio insect, the fiabita ol wfiioU were desenueo m my 
last article. 
The beetle is classed with the great natural divi- 
sion of ifiseots the MandtbulaUt. li hufougn to tne 
order (JoUojittrA, suborder Arautbycitia (Ltiiiytcoma 
Labreiiit) ot wfiioh there are aocoruiug to x-^caaru 
about 4,UUU named species, all mure ui I^sb ut- 
structivH wood oorere. Of these the genus C'fylM 
to which the ouhee borer belofiga u Won kuunu lu 
Kugluud trom its representative the VVa.p Bueuo 
{(Jlytut arietit), the larvie ot which do not iiowovut 
cause much loss, ohietly confining themselves to old 
posu and dead timber. In Anietioa there are several 
species which do grant damage; of these V. pictiu 
tho hiokoty tree Imrer and U. robiHifu the mem,, irco 
buret resemble iu shape aud sue moat ulusuty the 
Clpfus she Oufiee Borer. Bu. .uere are 
several important dillerenoes between them not only 
iu the marking of the elytra, but in their shape 
also* They do hot quite ouver the bouy an, oh ex- 
tends about one-twenueth (-ObO) of an men neyoau 
them. Whan olosed ovec tho wings thepi/svcrmr ex- 
tremity la almost square across, ou the vutMdo ui it 
a small spike ptojeoie. 
Further dillerenoes between the (Joffee Barer and 
other known species of olytus will be dtsevveced uy 
carefully reading tbe fullowing ueso.-iptiuu ui tuo lu- 
aeot, and comparing it with the desocipiion ef named 
speoies. 
Tho ova (egg) is cream-colored, and is just large 
enodghtube visioia to the naked eye. * 
The latves bis when Inh grown about one lu uue and 
a quarter inohes long, about two-tenths i soui m 
diameter at the anterior extremity ot tue oouv. 
5*/^*.*®?“^ one-huudredtSi 
(•lAU) at the posterior. The body is divided 
into eleven segments, thumped pj, Uw h»c4 to. 
