December i, 1891.] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
403 
establishment (worked I think it was said by a 
little French colony) was pointed out to me, which 
not only is strictly enclosed, but is almost self- 
contained, so that no one nnoonneotod is permitted 
to enter, and the occupants bold only the mostscanty 
communication with the local outside world. The 
Waldhol Chemical Works are, however, secluded 
enough in situation with quiet a frontage on the 
Bhine— which is not much frequented here by 
passenger boats — and with each poor land (for soil) 
in the neighbourhood, that the cultivators are few 
and far between. No better or more convenient site 
—between railway and river— for extensive chemical 
works could well be chosen. The site was chosen 
and the works oommenoed hero some 40 years ago 
I believe ; but within the last ten years they have 
been greatly changed, improved and extended. As 
Dr. Schafer mentioned, in respect of quinine alone 
there were some years ago, more people required to 
turn out one-eighth of the quantity now manufao- 
taredl We first visited the rolling and grinding 
mills where the cinchona bark is reduced to powder ; 
then came a series of chemieal prooesses in 
enormous vats, at various altitudes, up and down 
iton stairs, and with the aid more or less of 
petroleum &o., and of machinery (some of it 
hydraulic) in extracting and clearing the alkaloids. 
At one stage Dr. Schafer pointed out how by an 
invention of his own (I think) one man with the aid 
of machinery, was able to do what it required 
twenty men to carry out before. The clarifying 
prooesses (with charcoal largely) and the whitening 
of the quinine were especially interesting. There 
were some centrifugal machines — a recent improve- 
ment I gathered — attended to by women— on which 
cables of the quinine were spun at the rate of 1,000 
revolutions a minute, in connection with the drying 
and orystalization of the finished product which 
were simply delightful in the completeness of their 
adaptation to the end in view. It would be a great 
mistake to suppose that ordinary " sulphate of 
quinine ” is the only or main product in this depart- 
ment : at Waldhof there are prepared no less than 
38 varieties of ‘‘ quininae ” from “ quininae hypo- 
pospis " at 2s 8d the ounce (I quote from the 
September Frioe Current) down to “ quininae 
tenues in lumps at 6d ” — the bisulphas and sulphas” 
being given at lOj. the "oitraa” at la 2d, 
“ hydroohloraa " at la 2d, hydrochlorae amorphous 
4}d), “ pure quininae” Is Ud. ‘‘ quininae arsenias " 
Is 8d, “ arsenias la 9d,’’ and " quininae valerianas 
free from oinohonidia at Is 6d "—that is for quanti- 
ties— the rule being tins of 25, 60 or 100 ounces 
free for package ; bottles “ of 1 oz,, 2d per onnee 
extra, bottles of 4 oz. Id per ounce extra, oases 
of 250 ounces or more free,” 1 have merely 
selected a few of the 38 combinations of “Quininae,” 
besides several of " Oinohonidinae ” and t' Oin- 
oboninae ” — prepared to suit every variety of 
taste or prescription and lor each and all of 
whiohi no doubt there is a demand in dif- 
ferent oounlries if not in all. The Assay 
Booms, where two or three of the Doctor-Chemists 
are, from year’s end to year’s end, busy analysing 
cinchona bark (and other raw material) of course 
with far more delicacy and accuracy than are 
known to us in the East, wore not the least in- 
teresting i and in Dr. Schafer’s own olHoe, the 
collection of chemicals, all the product of the 
works was quite bewildering. One ho showed us 
worth far more than its weight in gold ; while a 
milligramme of another would be enough to kill 
a strong man. 
After the Oinohona Bark or Quinine Department, 
that for extracting Cocahie, which has now oomo 
so much into use, was gone over. It will be of 
interest to quote exactly (be list in the Prioe Current 
under this bead : — 
CoCAiNA gramme. p™ 
Pure in bulk o* 2^3 6d 1 b Od S per cent, tubes of I 
COCAJNAE gramme. (!™mina 
0Btl*d do do 
Bimurlas q, lom do do 
0« lojd do do 
Hydrobromas Os lid do do 
_ OZ. 
Hy<fioohloraBP,B.cry8t.^a8d do tins of 26 os. 
aS i^sd is 
ao do W do 
dS powdered’atsamV^Ls do 
Special quoTAXiou fob contbaots; 
Hydrpchlorate is in beautUal, well defined 
crystals and entirely free from Bmorphous matter It 
iud M«cIagOB’s 
CoCAINAB 
Nilras 
gramme. 
Os lid 
6 per coot- 
tabes of l 
Os lOd 
do 
gramae 
do 
Oa lOd 
do 
do 
Oa 9^d 
do 
do 
Os 9jd 
do 
do 
08 dfd 
do 
do 
Oleiuas GOporceat 
Balioylaa 
SuJphfts ...... 
Tartrna 
Tannos 
xopuri ■laies laai •* UOOftlQd is lO 
very good demand, the supply of leaves is very 
small and owing to the rainy season there oaa 
be very little brought over daring the next few 
months an^d wo have therefore to look for higher 
prices. This should enoourage some Oeylon plaiiten 
Hrythro-vylon 
y®t the leaves received from Java 
and Oeylon have been poor (immature probably) 
as compared with the South Amerioan aupply; 
and* thn “* 'O' America 
and the Oolonies it soems- for killing prairie doge. 
bears and perhaps noxious vermin— is strychnine 
which in •' pure eryetals ” is sold at 9s Id per 
ounce, but is supplied in some ten forms altogether. 
Largo supplies of Nnx Vomioa ” are required for 
this and some ie got from Ceylon I believe. 
P'^POf'^'oo of Olycerine again showed ua 
/ j prooesses, and also of “ Salicylic 
Acid, so Jargaly used in Chicago in meat nre- 
fioaWy we saw the recently constructed 
PApfe" Pwparalion of ilthec (frorn 
carbolic acid) in which a large business is done. 
Dome of the glycerine is made free from lima " 
specially “ lor soapmakors.” Another preparation 
in which we were interested is " oaffeina,” tbs 
essential ohemioal property of tea and coffee, and 
tlio list of varieties under this bead mav also 
be quoted : — v » 
Oaffbina 
Pure 38 lb. 6s Sd in 1 pkt. 
C'AFFEINAE 
Arsenias , 
Benzoa 
CarboUe 
Ciuodmylas 
Citras- P. B. nov 
Cltras as lb. 5 b 9d’inV pfet, 
Hydrobromaa.. 
Hydrochloras, ,,, 
itaotas yy 
Nabrio-beuzoaa. .!..*.***.!* 
Natrio-bromid 
N atriu-cinuainyias ... i 
Natrio-salicylaB 
^'itraa. ,,,, 
S»licyltuj..., 
Sulphaa. 
Tttimas 
Vulorlauas..,, 
lb. 
6b Od Net 
Ss 3d 
1b 3d 
3fl 5d 
Is 3d 
lb. 
6s 6d 
6a Od 
oz. 
Is Od 
08 9d 
18 3d 
08 6d 
0s6d 
Os 8d 
Osed 
18 Id 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Free 
tins of 7 ih. 
tins of 35 01 
do 
do 
do 
tins of 7 lb. 
do 
do tins of 25 OB 
Oa lOd do 
Os lod do 
lod do 
Ob Od do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Altogether there cannot ba less than SCO to* 
880 different chemical preparations or variB.i» 
quoted in the Price Current of Messrs p w 
Bbhringer & Soehne of Waldhof, and tL a'leborata 
arrangemeuts made at the 
