THE TROPICAL AQRIOULTURIST 
FEBRUARy I, 1892.] 
531 
the Report foreahadowH changes which will mark an 
ere in the industry. The Report la divided into four 
parte, ^IntrodnctioD, growth, and cultivation, general 
suggestions and general remarks. 
To show tho manner in which the sabjects have 
l>e6n handled, we givo the boads under which 
growth and oultivatioo are dealt with:— **(^) 
Ohemical composition and physical properties 
of the foil ; (ft) chemical composition of the Tea- 
buah (wo'id and loaves); (c) chemical composition, 
and value of manures nst>d ; (d) chemical composition, 
amount, and distribntion of rain-fall.” Each of the 
Bobjeots arc flab-diviilcd into 8ub*hoads, and are con- 
cisely but clearly dealt willi. We will content ourselves 
with two extracts ; Tlie first is from General Sugges- 
tions and lays down tho object of monmny “The 
object of manuring is to return to the sol! cer ain 
oonstituents of plant-food in which it is deficient, and 
which were either almost entirely absent from the 
Soil in tho first instance, or have been removed 
by continued cropping, or lost by drainage. Most 
foils contain nearly all the elements of tho plant 
in abundance, with the exception of one or two of 
the more important oonstitu^’nts ard it is these which 
niust be returned or added to the soil to enable 
Ihe plant to grow,” The rocond extract Is also 
from tho general Roggestions under the head 
‘Economy of Using Suitable Manures": — ** As meu- 
tinnod ill a previous part of this paper, tea soils 
differ considerably in chemical oompofition, some being 
deficient in only one or two plant constituents, while 
others are poor in all ; ooDsrqently, a general manure 
app’ied in every case for in 
ns ttrat instance, whnrs only one or iwo of the plant 
nstituents are deficient, the application of these 
alono would be as boneBoisl ai the epplioation of all, 
an at a much lower coat ; whereas, in the second 
case, where the soil is poor in all, tho application of 
J would have little or ro effect, until 
inoothera, which are alfo deficient, have been supplied.” 
The. laws laid down here are not in themselves new, 
It IS only that their application to Tea has apparently 
been lost sight of. At any rate, the replacing of the 
coDstitiisuta of the soil used up hy Tea in a scientific 
fanner has net, we bslieve, been attempted prac- 
tically. Should the Committoe not prosecute the ro- 
suarches further, they have already done enough to 
convince practical agrionlturista that money would be 
well spent in obtaining a full analysis of the soil of 
portion of a Tea garden wliioh it is proposed to 
in getting the advice of an expert on 
quantity of manure required. We hope 
*®quirv will be continued, and that light 
. ^ . Ihfown on the chemical changes which take 
In tK during the process of manafac-turo. 
I days of o^ose competition, planters can no 
ger afford to oontioue manufacturing in igno- 
auoe of the laws and CMi«es of the changes which 
RO on under their eyes, It is curious to think that 
much capital and enterprise have been ex- 
P nned, the prepont is the first aorious attempt to 
agricultuhal work by horse 
and mark rower. 
A Lf.otuuk By Mii. J, H. B. IIai.lkn. 
Poona, Dec. 10th. 
riH-llen, General Superintendent 0 
hioM®* in India, delivered 
All ^ intcroRting lecture yeatorday evening at th 
UMort Edward Institute, Poona, on the aubject c 
Agricultural Work lly Ilora 
o 1 v> bthan llahadur Kaai Sliahabudii 
occasion, and there was a larg 
the having been introduced t 
chairman proceeded with hi 
ao'rio.n said: — In India buliocka are used fc 
such as ploughing, harrowing, an 
irrigation purposes. They nr 
*ouud aatiafactry workers, but thoir pace is slow- 
about one mile per hour in the plough and about 
two miles in carts on roads. The price of bullocks 
for agricultural work vary from R15 to R50 each. 
For BubmeT^od and morass land buffaloes are better 
adapted. The price of a buffalo for such works is 
from R15 toR35eaoh. Their pace at plough is about 
one mile or less per hour. The coat of the keep of 
a bullock or buffalo varies from R2i to R5 per men- 
sem. In England for many years past only horses 
have been employed in ordinary farm work, as they 
a^e found able to do work at a fanter pace, both at 
plough and ordinary cart work, and thus economy of 
time and saving of money results. Moreover, the 
borso power employed is chiefly mare-power, as mares 
do all work quite as welt as stallions and geldings. 
Mares are allowed to breed 00 the farm, so that the 
farmer has the benefit of selling the produce thus 
obtained, if not retiuired in the farm, and tho money 
realised by the sale of the young horse stock, bred and 
reared on tho farm, contributes to paying the rent of 
the farm, and very often the greater portion of it. The 
period of gestat’on in a maro is about eleven moo hs, 
she can boused at slow agricultural work up te within 
a fortnight before the time of foaling, and again twelve 
or fourteen days after foaling, so that a brood farm 
mare can work for eleven months in the year. And 
she is in better health for having work, slow work 
and thereby becomes the more sure foal- 
producer ; and her foal always Is, as a rule, 
a stronger and more vsluable aoiroal* As in 
Europ(\ it may bo accepted that horses will be 
found likewise In India more satisfactory working 
animals on a farm. Horse do not cost morn for keep 
than bullocks, for it may be safely assumed that a 
horse or mare will do well on a diet that will not 
cost more than what a well-fed bullock gets. Horse- 
power is used generally throughout India for draught 
as welt as saddle work. We see horses doing excellent 
work in carriages, dak gharrie*, tongas, ekkas, tee., 
and it is acknowledged that ibey can work well in 
saddle and in draught even under the tropical sun of 
India. It therefore seems strange that horses have 
not been used for agricultural purposes. Granted 
that fhs pace of a bullock is perhaps better adapted 
for tho physical power of a native ploagbman. but 
tho Tattor_ has been found quite equal to working a 
plough wifh horses if given better wages and thereby 
having better foc>d. A few years ago whon at tho 
Remount Farm at Hosur, near Bangalore, I found 
that horses were always used for ploughing and 
other agricultural work in the farm, and I bad the 
opportunity of seeing that they did their work in a 
most satisfsetorv manner. Shortly afterwards I 
had the chance of employing horse-power on Ibo 
Government Farm in charge of the Horse-Breeding 
Depurtroent at nabugarh, near Meerut. Up to the 
tirao of my receiving charge of that farm bullock- 
power only had been used for the farm work. I 
suggested to Government that the hulloekfl should be 
disposed of and horse-power employed, and in order to 
prevent unnece^fary expendituro in purohaBing horses 
I asked that fifty pony mares, of a large number 
belonging to the Transport Department and no longer 
required at the expiration of the last Afghan Oampaign, 
might he handed over to me to carry out the farm 
work. Sanction was accorded, and fifty pony mares 
arrived at the Depot Farm. These were animals of a 
very ordinary class, from 13 to 13-2 in height, probably 
worth in the market from R25 to r)0 each, and most of 
thf’m had never been employed for brood purpoeos. 
Tho pony mares were foou broken into plough and 
ba»T 0 vv. The harness employed on tbo pair when at 
ploui^h was similar to ordinary tonga harners, made 
in tl'o bazsar by ordinary moochif.s at a cost of 
from to 114^ for the pair. With this harness 
the ponies pulled from their back— the best style of 
draught. Tbe bsrnoss was found^ to answer, and by 
offering prizes for tho best ploughing with the pony 
maroB I was gratified to find that in three monthB* 
time seversl ploughmen able to do in a day with a pair 
of ponies much more than could be done by a pair of 
bullocks, and after a year or two the men were able 
, to do half as much more ploughing in a day than 
