534 
THt YROMOAL AQRIOULTURIST. 
[February i, 1892. 
English capitalists on whom enterprize in Brazil 
has boon and is so largely dependent. Of course 
matters may soon settle down, and a strong go- 
vernment may re-establish peace and order. But 
we coufess our fears preponderate over our hopes ; 
and we euspoot that the world must look beyond 
Brazil for much of its supplies of coffee. 
THE DUTCH MARKET. 
Amstebdam, Nov. 27th. 
The cinchona anctions to be held in Amsterdam on 
December 17tb, 1891, will consist of .9,752 packages 
(6,366 bales and .387 oases), about 498 tons, divided as 
follows : from Government plantations, 290 hales 75 
oases, about 28 tons ; from private plantations, 5,075 
bales 312 oases, about 470 tons. This quantity contains 
of Drvgghfi bark — Succirubra quills, 2 bales 281 cases ; 
broken qailLs and ebips, 05 bales 15 cases ; root, 75 
bales. Manufactuting bark — Oflicinalis quills, 52 cases; 
broken quills and chips, 83 bales ; root 31 bales. Lndg- 
eriana quills, 11 bales 39 cases; broken quills and 
chips, 3,7 19 bales ; root; 1,027 bales. Hybrid broken 
quills and chips, 266 bales ; root, 67 bales. T dal, 5,365 
bales .387 oases. The dates of tbe Amsterdam cinchona 
sales in 1892 have been fixed as folio vs : — January 21st, 
February 25tb, March 31st, May 5th, June 9th, July 
14th, August 25th, September 29th, November Srd, 
Deoember 8th .— and Druggist. 
♦ 
TEA PLANTING IN THE WYNAAD. 
We have been favoured with some particulars of 
tea planting in the Wynaad which promise well for 
the development of a future tea industry in that 
district, where a good deal of tea has been planted 
during the past two years. The plants thrive well, 
and toe variety that haa been selected for cultivation 
is highly spoken of. The following is a report and 
valuation by a Oolombo broker on tea grown on the 
Richmond estate at Pnndalur, in the Wynaad, planted 
in 1889, and forwarded 20 miles to the Neddivuttum 
tea factory for mannfseture: — 
Oeanob Bekob. — Black bright golden tips, good 
style and appearance, wiry, well twisted loaf. London 
valne, la 8d to 2.S. 
Bbokbn Pbkoe. — Blaok iiakey fanoings ; style, tippy 
good appearance. London value 9J. 
PekoE. — Black, rather bold, rather even, wiry, 
well twisted loaf, tippy, good appearance. London 
value 9d. 
Pekoe SonenoNO. — Blaekisb, greyish, rather open 
little flattirh leaf, little wiry, some ends. London 
valued 8d to Od. 
Dust.— B lack brownish Bakoy tippy faunings. London 
value 7d to 8J. 
Fermentation, bright, even, coppery. 
Liquor. — S trong full pungent. 
These teas are very well made, and bright iofusions. 
Fermenistion very nice, 
(Signed) A. M. Gbpp. 
Oulomho, November 30th. 
A Geylou planter gives the following opinion on 
these teas : — *• I have examined and tasted yonr 
‘ Richmond ’ samples. They are fine teas, good 
strength end flavoury, thongh the latter is quite 
difierent to any flavoury teas I have tasted grown in 
Ceylon : they taste more like Dstjeeling tras. If 
you can make such teas in Wynaad it is a good look- 
out. The npposrance of the loaf is not first-class, 
the leaf being too grey. The Orsnge Pekoe is, how- 
ever, handsome ; the B. P. is very broken and flakey. 
Recently the market has wanted more leafy and 
less Broken Pekoe. The fermentation ia first rate, 
and I shall be very interested to know what these 
teas fetch in London. I could not value them unless 
1 know something of the size of the break, bnt they 
should average Is 3d to Is 4d per lb. if the propor- 
tions of Orange Pokoe and Broken Pekoe are right. 
In fact, I think this a low valnation.” 
Mr. \v. M. Staudon, who manufactured these teas, 
has expressed himself about them in the following 
terms : — “ With adequate machinery, anything over 
7d per lb. means profit, and 4d per lb profit on a 
yield of only 450 lb. per acre means £7 10 per acre 
per annum. I do not believe any amount of over pro- 
duction will hurt the growers of this class of tea, for 
loug before they eonid suffer an iippreciative reduction 
in value, half the ratetea in India and Ceylon would 
be ruined, I firmly believe that there in a great 
future for tea in tho Wynaad. Tea of good jet still 
aOforda an excellent inveatmoot.” Wo may mention 
that tbe average value of Indian and Ceylon tea ia 
about 9d, — 31. Mail. 
|The bunkum about halt the estates in India 
and Ceylon being ruined, before such teas as Mr. 
Standen has msnutactured being over-produced, 
simply proves tbe man’s own silly egotism. — Ed. 
r. A.] 
MR. A. SCOTT BLAOKLAW ON AGRI- 
CULTURAL ENTERPRISE AND CON- 
NECTED TOPICS IN BRAZIL. 
OOFl’EE AND OTHKIl OUOTIVATION IN RIBBIBilO I'RBTO — 
ILBX PARAQUAIKNSIB — RAII.WAY EXTENSIONS — EURO- 
PEAN IMMIQBAIION — DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY 
AROUND. 
Bio, Oct. 15. 
Ribeirao Preto . — I mentioned before that coffee 
planting was begun here some twelve years ago. 
Our late lamented friend G. A. Crttwell and the 
writer passed through parts ol this same diatriot in 
1876, At that time there was very little talk ol 
laud being bought here for planting ooffee, and 
there was not suoh a town as the now important 
“ Ribeirao Proto " whioh numbers at present some 
8,000 inhabitants in existence. 
We noted at the time of out visit (1876) some 
very nice coffee patohos near some ol tbe native 
hute, and we observed that the soil was ol superior 
quality. It was very foroibly impressed on our mind, 
that what was called virgin forest was of a low short 
kind, with very few of the great giants, unless ol the 
tig-tree species, which grows very fast. 
Tho district at that time had tho name ol being 
feverish, and the climate was thought too oold for 
ooffee. Some plantations had been opened ou a 
small Eoale in the sixties, but the great frost of 
1871 had killed all the trees, and thus damped the 
prospeot ol future pioneers. At the time we passed 
this any quantity of land oould have been brought 
for very little money. 
The lands were in possession ol people who had 
deoended from the great highlands of Brazil, in tbe 
Ptovinoo ol Minas Getaes some years before. 
Originally tho lands wore granted to leading half- 
caste — mixed desendants of Portuguese and Indian— 
familiEs by tho Portuguese Government before the 
indepondenoe. The blocks wore given and the area 
oounted in so many square leagues, and called 
“ Seismarias.” Tbe seismoia, as the grantee was 
called, was by bis title obliged to have a bouse on, 
and cultivate a ositain quantity of the land and 
houses were thus few and far between. It was from 
these first settlers, that the invading " minoiro " 
from tbe north obtained these large blooks. 
These pieces of land were not always bought, and 
if a sale were made at all, it was of only a small 
piece, and tho oooupier ol the small piece enoroachod 
on his neighbour’s land. 
“ The good old rule sufficed them, tho simple plan 
That they should take who had tho power. 
And they should keep who can.” 
Some good honest men did however pay for their 
land, and one family in particular to whom tho 
writer wos alterwards introduced, consisting of a 
widow and some three or four stalwart sous, were 
living — at the time we allude to (1876) — on 860,000 
