6i6 
THE TROMOAL AQRJOULTURIST. 
[March i, 1892. 
that in oonstructinK the above tab e the relative 
value of the different satniilea has been elated, 
because the market value is liable to variation, 
aceordluK to the demand and supply. The above figures 
are quite suffioient to show the importance of pur- 
chasing shoddy upon the basis of analysis — as the 
ammonia is shown to vary from 8'85 in the best 
sample to 813 in the worst, which is really shoddy 
dust oontaining much dirt. The relative value being 
in the former £3 H -Id. per ton, delivered at station, as 
against £1 3s. 5d. in the latter. The farmer, tlierelorc, 
who buys without any analytical guarantee, runs the 
risk of getting any quality between the above limits. 
Shoddy containing from 7 to 8 pet cent, of ammonia 
is a most valoable end eoonomical manure for hops ; 
and it is a pity that it should not be supplied in the 
natural dry state as it comes from the mills. In 
addition to the nitrogen compounds, there are minersl 
constituents of shoddy whioh have a distinct value ss 
a manure. In the following analysis port ons of the 
residue left after burning were selected in equal quan- 
tities from samples 6, 6, 7, and 10. Tb se were osre- 
fully mixed, in order to tbtain a fa'r average ol the 
mineral portiuo. 
Analvsis op the MiNEB.tL Mattebs in Shoddy. 
Lime 
... 8*82 
Magnesia ... 
*28 
Potash 
1*62 
Soda 
2-12 
Oxide of Iron 
... 11 86 
Alumina ... 
2*34 
Fhospborio acid 
*82 
Suipbnrio acid 
6 92 
Oarbouio acid 
... i*eo 
Chlorine 
... *29 
Solnble silica 
... 14*93 
Insoluble siliceous matters 
... 48*60 
100 00 
It will be seen from tho above analysis that there is 
14'93 per cent, of soluble silica, which forms ira 
important constituent of the flowers and lotves of the 
hop plant, the flowers (hops) containing in their ashes 
1916 per cent, of silios, the leaves 22'35 and the b ne 
9’99. There is also 8 62 per cent, of lime, 1'63 of 
potash, 2 12 of soda, 11*86 of oxides of lion, 6*92 of 
eulphrio acid, and *8*2 of phoapkorio acid, Tho value 
of lime, potash, and pbosphorio acid as manurial 
eoDStituents is fully recognised. 
As regards tho importance of the presence of a good 
supply of anlphuric acid, in the form of sulphate of 
lime, either uaturally in the soil upon uh oh hops 
are to be succes-fully grown or artifioiully, as supplii d 
by manure, reference may be made to an intorssting 
lecture on " The Fertility of Hop Soils,” given before 
the Maidstone Farmers’ Olub iu March, 1884, by .VIr. 
F J. Lloyd, in which special stresi was laid upon 
this point, and ths lecturer stated that, in bis upiniun, 
woollen rags, on account of their riohness iu both 
nitrogen and sulphur, were the most suitable mauute 
for hops. 
Lastly, as regards tbs presence of 11 86 oxido of 
iron. Dr. A. 11. Oriffiths, iu his book ou mamires. 
gives numerous well authenticated experiments, show- 
ing incteased yield of various crops by tho use of iron 
sulphate in modoraio doses *, and it is quite reasonable 
to cnnolude that hops wid also bo benefited iu a like 
at&nw. 
Having said so much respecting the fertilising value 
of the mineral, roustituouts, let us now proceed, with the 
aid of the above analyses, to calculate tho quantities 
■applied per aon*. . , 
It is ftlloWGtl tbftt it tsK69 two tons to pro* 
perly mannro au acre of hops with shoddy- D, therefore 
we assume that the quality used contains 8 per cent, of 
ammonia and 17 per cent, of niintrsl matters, wo 
shall have the following figuris . — 
Two Tons op Siiod.iy Sopi dv pub Acb. 
Ib. 
Aramoi ia 
Holuble silios 
(Oxide ol iron 
Lime 
3.')8 
113 
90 
. I 
.Sulphurio soid 
I'otnsh ... 
I’hosplioiio acid ... 
lb. 
52 
12 
6 
Let us now compare these figures with those re. 
presenting farmyard manure. Assuming 1 ton of dung 
to contain 15 lb. of ammonis, 13 lb. of potash, and 
7 lb. of phosphoric acid, it would require, in round 
numbers, 21 tuns of good dung to yield the 338 Ib. of 
ammonia supplied by 2 tons of shoddy. 
'rtie 24 tons of dung wonld certainly also supply 
288 lb. potash and 168 lb. pbosphorio acid ; but both 
those constilueiits should be largely supplied naturally 
by a good bop soil, wLeroas tlie ammonia has to be 
provided by tlio farmer. This being so, it is necessary 
to regard tbo olicapest source of ammonia as of the 
greaUsst importano**. Farmyard manure, or Londou 
dung delivered, would cort about 7s GJ perton, ojn- 
soquontly 24 tons would represent £9, as against 2 
tons shoddy costing £6, which leaves a saving of £3 
in favour of using shoddy against farmyard munuro. 
When the farm issilnated a considerable distance from 
tho station, the ainaller bulk of shoddy oompsred with 
duug would, of courdc, make the above comparison 
still m re in favour of the f irmer. .Sholdy, like dung, 
is a slowly decompo.siug manure, and should bo carted 
on during the wii ter montbs, and carefully dug in 
round the iDp-hills, where uudsr favourable elimatie 
oonditious, it should afford a continuous souroe of 
nitrogenous plant food as required, and in this respect 
froms a markoil contrast to those ooncouttufed and 
highly soluble fertilisers, snob as dissolved guano aud 
nitrate of soda, which, in the more advanced and often 
critical stages of growth, have been found to render 
special assistance when judiciously employeed. In con- 
clusion, it may be well to mention that, iu analysing 
samples of shtdJy, it is most ueoessuy to makes water 
deterniiuutiou iu the material ns received, and then pro- 
oeed to cutnpa portii.n for the nitrogen dctermius- 
tioD, taking cam to make a Sioond water ditto iu finely 
out-up portion, whioh, oii account of water lust during 
tho proneas of cutting up in a warm room, is naturally 
much drier, and Ihorcforo richer iu nitrogen, than tho 
shoddy as originally received. Tho iiilrogeu results 
being calculated eveutuslly upon the natural wot state 
of tho sholdy a.s received, will represent tlio real 
quality of the ma'orial. 
If farmers will fake the trouble to stipulate that the 
shoddy ehnll contain from 7 to 8 per cent of ammouia 
(and bo in a fairly dry condition, containing not more 
than 20 per cent of water) they will find it one of the 
must ccouoniical naiiurea that can be purchased. In- 
dcof, manure tr*; ufacturiTS— m.ny of them — have 
u^od shoddy with marked advantage in ooiupouudiog 
special mixtures, where nitrogei>, in the form of organio 
matter is required. Further than this, several patents 
have been taken out for the purpose of treating shoddy 
with sulphuric acid, and, by subsequent drying, to con- 
vert the bulky material into a fine powder which can 
readily bo passed through a drill. 
For vines, as well as for shrubs like tea, oolfee, cacao, 
and the uumeroua garden fruit trees, shoddy is admi- 
r.ibly adapted ; and it is hoped that the remarks tliat 
have been made in reference to its use for hops will 
ai tract atteigiou to the more extended application of a 
manure which, at tlio present time, ia certainly so 
suitable and so cheap. 
John Huohks, k. c. s., Oonsulting Chemist to the 
Ceylon Planters’ Asnooistiou. 
79, M irli-lane, K. 0. 
— I'leM- 
PHARMACRUTIOAL ETYMOLOGV. 
Tl e foTowing notes aro gathered from the most 
lec ntly pnh ished volume ot iho I’h lo'ogioal Siciety’a 
new Kiiglia 1 Dioticnary, edited by D.**. Murray. 
There are several ■‘Cln.es” of distinct origin. The 
term assputiid to tlio spice, tho dried flower-bud of 
VtiryophyUiin aromatirus, is derived from the French 
cluK, which wonl was originally applied to it on account 
of its sh.ai.e. The Oari/ojihi/llKs is the Ijatinise I form 
of iho (Irrck term ilorived from liari/oii, nu', and 
p/ir//cs I* af. In (dd French tlie spicn was termed c/oir 
de girotU'. This term passed ou to tho o!ova.soeiH> d 
pink {hianthiu cargophyUus), but girojle has passed 
luto Knglisii 8 gilly-flower, and represents otheis 
