320 
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION. 
the second is designated by an m, the third by an i ; mas, 
‘thou art;’ mucrepuec araquapcmaz ? ‘ why art thou sad?’ 
properly ‘wliat for sad thou art;’ punpucc topuchemas, ‘thou 
art flit in body,’ properly ‘flesh (pun) for (puec) fat (to- 
puche) thou art (mas).’ The possessive pronouns precede 
the substantive ; upatay, ‘ in my house,’ properly ‘ my house 
in.’ All the prepositions and the negation pra are incor- 
porated at the end, as in the Tamanac. They say in 
Chayiua, ipuec, ‘with him,’ properly ‘him with;’ euya, ‘to 
thee,’ or ‘ thee to ;’ epuce charpe guaz, ‘ I am gay with thee,’ 
properly ‘ thee with gay I am ;’ ucarcpra , ‘ not as I,’ pro- 
perly ‘ I as not ;’ quenpotupra quoyuas, ‘ I do not know him,’ 
properly ‘ him knowing not 1 am ;’ quenepra quoyuas, ‘ I 
have not seen him,’ properly ‘him seeing not I am.’ In the 
Tamanac tongue, acurivane means ‘ beautiful,’ and acuri- 
vanepra, ‘ugly — not beautiful;’ outapra, ‘there is no fish,’ 
properly ‘ fish none ;’ uteripipra , ‘ I will not go,’ properly 
■ [ to go will not,’ composed of uteri,* ‘ to go,’ ipiri, ‘ t'o 
choose,’ and pra, ‘ not.’ Among the Caribbees, whose lan- 
guage also bears some relation to the Tamanac, though 
infinitely less than the Chayma, the negation is expressed 
by an m placed before the verb : amoyenleayati, ‘ it is very 
cold;’ and mamoyenlenyati, ‘it is not very cold.’ In an 
analogous manner, the particle mm added to the Tamanac 
verb, not at the end, but by intercalation, gives it a nega- 
tive sense, as taro, ‘ to say,’ taromnar, ‘ not to say.’ 
The verb to be, very irregular in all languages, is as or 
ats in Chayma ; and uochiri (in composition uac, uatsciia) 
in Tamanac. It serves not only to form the Passive, but 
it is added also, as by agglutination, to the radical of 
attributive verbs, in a number of tenses. t These agglu- 
* In Chayma : ittechire , ‘ I will go also,* properly I (w) to go (the 
radical ute, or, because of the preceding vowel, te) also (ehexe, or ere, or 
ire). In utechire wo find the Tamanac verb 4 to go/ uteri, of which ute 
is also the radical* and ri the termination of the Infinitive. In order to 
show that in Chayma chei'e or ere indicates the adverb 4 also,* I shall 
cite from the fragment of a vocabulary in my possession, u-chere, 4 1 
also ;* aacaramayre, 4 he said so also ynarzazere , 1 1 carried also 
eharechere , 4 to carry also/ Jn the Tamanac, as in the Chayma, charert 
signifies ‘ to carry/ 
f The present in the Tamanac, jarer-bac-ure, appears to me nothing 
else than the verb bnc, or nac (from vacschin, ‘ to be *), added to tbS 
