AFFINITY OF LANGUAGES. 
323 
guilds of the same origin. The letters f v, l, and i> are 
substituted one for the other; for instance, m the Per- 
sian. peeler, father (pater); Invader* brother (frater)- Mar 
sprmg (ver); m Greek, (forton), a burthen; n-oDt 
(pous) a loot (iuss, Germ.). In the same manner, with the 
Americans, / and l become p; and d becomes t. The 
Lhayrna pronounces patre, Tios, Atani, aracapucha, for padre 
Dios, Adan, and arcabuz (harquebuss). 
In spite of the relations just pointed out, I do not think 
at the Ghayrna language can he regarded as a dialect of 
j ,'I ua! , lae ’ as tbo Maitano, Cuehivero, and Crataima 
undoubtedly are. There are many essential differences • 
and between the tiro languages there appears to me to’ 
exist merely the same connection as is found in the German 
the Swedish and the English. They belong to the same 
subdivision o the great family of the Tamanac, Caribbcmi 
t0 Tf' As . *P ere cxists 110 absolute measure 
ot resemblance between idioms, the degrees of parentage 
tonmms ^ cxam P le . s lab en from known 
...ff ' U o consider those as being- of the same family, 
nhich bear affinity one to the other, as the Greek, the 
German, the Persian, and the Sanscrit. 
pWloiogists have imagined, on comparing languages, 
that they may all be divided into two classes, of which some' 
comparatively perfect in their organization, easy and rapid 
m their movements, indicate an interior development bv 
intlexion; while others, more rude and less susceptible of 
improvement, present only a crude assemblage of small 
lorras or agglutinated particles, each preserving the phy- 
siognomy peculiar to itself, when it is separately employed 
this very ingenious view would be deficient in accuracy 
were it supposed that there exist polysyllabic idioms with- 
out any inflexion, or that those which are organically deve- 
loped as by interior germs, admit no external increase by 
means ot suffixes and affixes ;f an increase which we have 
* th ? German h ruder, with the same consonants, 
t liven in the Sanscrit several tenses are formed by aggregation - for 
raS E ’ T ? M rSt fUtUre ’ the sul "^ verb 'to be’ is added to the 
no tbl V “T- a m ? nner « tiad the Greek mach-em, if the a be 
the effect of inflexion, and m Latin pot-ero (Bopp, p. 26 and GO 
These are examples of incorporation and agglutination in the gram- 
