106 
FRINGILLINJE. NIPH^A. 
This species is much larger than the last^ wants the black spot on 
the foreheadj and has the wing-bands more conspicuous. 
Male, 6i, 8|. 
Rarely reaches the Carolinas during winter, or Louisville on the 
Ohio. Breeds from Maine northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. 
Migratory. 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arborea, WiLS. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 12. 
Fringilla canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 109. 
Emberiza canadensis, Tree Bunting, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 252. 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 495. 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 511 ^ v. v. p. 504. 
GENUS III. NIPH^A, Aud. SNOW-BIRD. 
Bill short, rather small, conical, acute ; upper mandible 
a little broader than the lower, its dorsal line straight, 
slightly decimate at the tip, the sides convex, the edges 
nearly straight, slightly inflected, but overlapping ; lower 
mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line 
straight, the sides convex, the edges a little inflected, the 
tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the fea- 
thers. Head broadly ovate ; neck short ; body full. Feet 
of moderate length ; tarsus rather short, stout, with seven 
scutella ; toes rather strong, the first stout, the lateral 
equal. Claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally 
grooved, tapering to a fine point. Plumage very soft and 
blended. Wings rather short, curved, rounded, second, 
third, and fourth quills longest, first longer than fifth. 
Tail rather long, slightly emarginate. Roof of upper man- 
dible concave, with thin ridges, and a small knob at the 
base ; tongue narrow, deep, grooved above, tapering to a 
Tiorny point ; oesophagus dilated about the middle ; stomach 
rather small, roundish, muscular ; intestine rather short ; 
cceca very small. Name from N/^og, snow. 
167. 1. Niphaea hyemalis, Linn. Common Snow-Bird. 
Plate XIII. Male and Female. 
Male with the head, hind neck, fore part of the breast, back, win^s, and 
upper parts of the sides, greyish-black, deeper on the head and throat ; 
