CINCLIDiE — THE DIPPERS. 
Family CXNCLIDiE. (Page 1.) 
Genus CINCLXJS, Bechstein. <JLgX^ 
Characters the same as those of the family. Colors dark brown or - almost black ; in 
some species varied with white on head, throat, or back. ISTest large and domfi), entrance 
at base. Eggs white. 
Brown species. 
C. paliasi. 
Plumage beneath scarcely lighter than that above; head and neck brownish, 
darkest above. Wing, 4.00 ; tail, 2.15 ; bill, .50 ; tarsus, 1.20 ; middle toe, .85. 
Legs (in life), pinkish white (8,496, Fort Mass. N. M.). Hab. Middle Province 
of North America from Sitka, south to Guatemala. {American Dipper. ) 
var. mexicanus . 
Plumage beneath much lighter than that above, — very light along the median 
line ; head not brownish, the contrast in shade between upper and lower sur- 
faces very marked. Wing, 3.50 ; tail, 2.05 ; bill, .45 ; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe, 
.90. Legs yellow. (42,788 Costa Rica.) Hab. Guatemala and Costa Rica. 
{Slate-colored Dipper.) var. ardes.iacus. 
Plumage uniform dusky-brown, middle of belly blackish ; back and rump squa- 
mated with black; wings and tail blackish-brown. Total length, 8.00; wing, 
4.00; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.25; bill (to rictus), 1.10 (Salvin). Hab. Lake Baikal 
to Kamtschatka ; Amoorland; S. E. Siberia; Japan (Salvin) . . var. paliasi. 
Family SAXICOLXD^I. (Page 1.) 
American genera compared with Turdus. 
Turdus. Tarsi long, exceeding the middle toe ; wings reaching to the middle of the tail, 
which is about four fifths the length of the wings. Bill stout; its upper outline con- 
vex toward the base. Second quill shorter than fifth. Sexes alike. 
Saxicola. Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe, which reaches nearly to the 
tip of the tail. Tail short, even; two thirds as long as the lengthened wings, which 
reach beyond the middle of the tail. Second quill longer than fifth. Bill attenuated ; 
its upper outline concave towards the base. Sexes dissimilar. Eggs plain blue. 
Sialia. Tarsi short ; about equal to the middle toe. Wings reaching beyond the middle 
of the tail. Bill thickened. Sexes dissimilar. Eggs plain blue. 
Genus SAXICOLA, Bechstein. 
S. cenanthe. Bluish-gray above ; line over eye, forehead, and beneath white ; stripe 
through eye, wing, and upper tail-covert, black. Tail white, broadly tipped with black. 
Female duller colored. Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.50. Nest on ground. Eggs 
plain blue. Hab. North of Old World, and arctic region of the New. {The Wheat -Ear.) 
Genus SIALIA, Swainson. (Page 7.) 
Species. 
Common Characters. Rich blue above, duller in the female. Beneath reddish 
or blue in the male, reddish or light drab in the female. Young with wings and 
tail only blue, the head and anterior parts of body with numerous whitish spots. 
Eyes brown. Length about 6.50. Eggs plain blue. Nest in holes of trees. 
