OUTLINES 
•27 
isra 
OF 
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY. 
Family TURDIDiE. — The Thrushes. | 
Families allied to Turdidse. 
K 
A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or interspersed with 
bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles. } 
Saxicolidae. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the middle 
of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half times or more the 
length of the latter. The spurious primary very short, the second quill longer ( 
than the fourth. In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches only about two 1 
thirds the length of longest primary. (Page 7.) 
Turdidse. Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle of the 
often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the latter, usually more 
nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half the length of second quill; the 
second quill shorter than the fourth. In the closed wing the outer secondary 
reaches three fourths or more the length of longest primary. 
B. Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal feathers soft 
and downy, and no bristles or bristly points whatever about the mouth. 
Cinclidae. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and concave. 
(Page 7.) 
Subfamilies. 
A« Tu rd in ae.— Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous plate without 
scales. (Page 2.) 
Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly even. Bill considera- 
bly shorter than the head. | 
First quill usually not one fourth the second. Wings pointed. Tarsus 
hardly the length of head, but yet longer than middle toe ; outstretched 
. toes falling short of tip of tail. Eyes generally brown. (Page 2.) . Turdus , . 
B* Miming. — Tarsi scutellate anteriorly ; scales seven. (Page 4.) 
Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly even. Tarsus as long 
as the head. 
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely notched ; wings pointed ; 
first quill less than half the second ; third and fourth longest. Claws 
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus considerably longer than 
middle toe and claw. Eyes yellow or orange. (Page 4.). . Oreoscoptes . 
Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is considerably graduated; 
first quill half or more than half the second. 
Bill notched at tip, shorter than head ; straight. 
