98 
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
DYCTIOFICUS, Bon. Whole back banded transversely with black 
and white. Beneath white, with black spots on sides. Maxillary 
and auricular black stripes confluent at their posterior ends, the latter 
\ not running into the nape. In the males at least half of top of head 
red. Length, about 6.50. 
3. P. scalaris. Anterior portion of the back banded with white ; 
lores and nasal tufts smoky-brown. Black stripes on sides of the 
head very much narrower than the white ones, and not connected 
with the black of the shoulders. Male with the whole crown red. 
Outer web of lateral tail-feathers barred with black to the 
base. White bands on back exceeding the black ones in width ; 
red of the crown very continuous, on the forehead predomi- 
nating over the black and white. (Sometimes the black at 
base of inner web of lateral tail-feather divided by white 
bars.) Hab. Southern and Eastern Mexico, and Rio Grande 
region of United States. {Ladder-backed Woodpecker .) 
var. scalaris. 
Outer web of lateral tail-feather barred with black only 
toward end. Red of crown much broken anteriorly, and in 
less amount than the black and white mixed with it. White 
bands of the back not wider, generally much narrower, than 
the black ones. 
Bill, .90 ; tarsus, .70. Red of crown extending almost to 
the bill. Hob. Western Mexico, up to Western Arizona. 
{Grayson's Woodpecker.') .... var. g r ay s oni. 
Bill, 1.10 ; tarsus, .75. Red of crown disappearing about 
BP** on a line above the eye. Hab. Cape St. Lucas. ( Lucas 
Woodpecker.) var. lucasanus. 
4. P. nuttalli. Anterior portion of back not banded with white ; 
lores and nasal tufts white. Black stripes on side of the head very 
much broader than the white ones, and connected by a narrow strip 
with the black of the shoulders. Male with only the nape and 
occiput red. Hab. California (only). {Nuttall's Woodpecker. y 
b. One white stripe, only, on side of head, and this qccupying whole 
auricular region. Tail-feathers narrowed at ends, the points of the middle 
ones much elongated. First quill longer than sixth. Bill very small, much 
shorter than head. 
PHRENOPICUS, Bonap. Back and wings transversely banded with 
black and "white, and sides spotted with black, as in Dyctiopicus. 
5. P. borealis. Red of male restricted to a concealed narrow 
line on each side of the occiput, at the junction of the white and 
black. Maxillary black stripe very broad and conspicuous, running 
back to the series of black spots on sides of breast. Three outer 
tail-feathers more or less white, with a few bars of black near their 
ends, principally on inner webs. Length, 7.25 ; wing, 4.50. Hab, 
South Atlantic States. {Red-cockaded Woodpecker.) 
B. Body entirely continuous black ; head all round immaculate white. First 
quill shorter than sixth. 
XENOPICUS, Baird. Tail and primaries as in “ A,” but much more 
lengthened. Bill as in Dryobates , but more slender. 
6. P. albolarvatus. Red of male a narrow transverse occipital 
crescent, between the white and the black. Basal half, or more, of 
