ANALYTICAL TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS. 
151 
twice as long as middle claw ; Lind toe and claw not longer than 
middle toe and claw. Gape ample; tongue slightly bifid or 
brushy, if at all X. Sylvicolidce ' 
Bill lengthened, very acute, even decurved. Wings and feet as 
in the last. Gape constricted ; tongue generally deeply bifid 
or brushy XY. Ccerebidce. 
ccc. Bill more or less truly conic, usually short, thick ; commissure 
usually more or less evidently abruptly angulated near the base, or 
with lobe or tooth further forward. Nostrils obviously nearer cul- 
J 
v 1 
men than tomia. Tarsus longer than lateral toe and claw. 
Bill stout, tumid, convex in nearly all its outlines; tomia not 
angulated, but with one or more lobes or nicks in advance of 
the base. Nostrils placed very high. Otherwise much as in Syl- 
vicolidce. Colors chiefly red and yellow. One genus. XYI. Tanagridce. J 
Bill truly conic, much shorter than head, usually with the an- 
gulation evident ; no lobe along middle of tomia, but usually a 
notch at end. Nostrils placed very high. Rictal bristles usually / 
obvious XYII. Fringillidcey 
Bill conic, but lengthened, little if any shorter than head; the 
angulation of the tomia evident; 
Nostrils high. 
. XIX. Icteridce. V 
no notch at end. 
No rictal bristles 
bb. Primaries ten. 
Otherwise with characters much as in Icteridce . XX. j$turnidce.\f 
d. Nostrils concealed with antrorse bristly feathers (except in 
Psilorhinus and Gymnokitta). 
Base of bill sheathed with antrorse bristly feathers, having 
lateral branches to their very ends ; its tip mostly notched. 
Basal joint of middle toe united only half-way to the lateral. 
Sides of tarsus occupied by a lateral groove, mostly filled in 
with small plates. First primary more than half as long as 
second. Large, — over seven inches . . . XXL Corvidae . 
Base of bill with two tufts of bristly feathers, ending in sim- 
ple filaments without lateral branches, its tip mostly un- 
notched. Basal joint of middle toe united nearly all its length 
with the lateral. Sides of tarsus ungrooved. First primary 
less than half as long as second. Small. . . . YI. 
Nostrils exposed. 
e. Tail scansorial, with rigid acute feathers. Whole bill 
slender, compressed, acute, decurved, unnotched, unbristled. 
Outer toe much longer than inner . . . YII. Certhiidce.yf 
ee. Tail not scansorial, graduated. First primary not less 
(generally more) than half as long as the second, and inner 
toe united to the middle by at least one half (usually more) 
of the length of its basal joint. 
Tarsus with few obscure scutella. Rictal bristles present. 
Bill stout, but not toothed nor hooked. Wing excessively 
rounded (fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest), much 
shorter than the long graduated tail. Size small. Plumage 
brown, unbanded Y. Chamceadce. ^ 
Tarsus distinctly scutellate. Nostrils wholly exposed, 
scaled. No rictal bristles, but loral feathers with bristly 
points. Bill slender, not notched nor hooked. Wings 
Paridce. V' 
dd. 
