ANALYTICAL TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS. 
153 
to sixth quill; outer secondary reaching in closed 
wing three fourths or more the length of the longest 
primary. Spurious quill longer, sometimes one half 
the second. Tarsi scutellate in Mimince , booted in 
I. Turdidce. ^ 
Turdince 
aa. Outside of tarsus covered with two series of scutella, — one lapping en- 
tirely around in front, the other entirely around behind, and meeting at a 
groove on the inside ; hind edge blunt. First primary spurious or apparently 
wanting. Hind claw much lengthened, scarcely curved. Nostrils with 
antforse bristly feathers. Bill conico-elongate . . . XVIII. Alaudidce.\ / 
II. Clamatores. Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates variously 
arranged, lapping entirely around in front and behind, to meet at a groove on 
the inner side. 
First primary lengthened, often longest, at least over two thirds as long as the 
longest. Bill broad at the base, much depressed, tapering to a fine point, which 
is abruptly decurved; culmen rounded or flattened; gonys flattened; commissure 
straight, or nearly so, to the tip. Nostrils small, circular, basal; overhung, but 
not concealed by bristles. Mouth capacious, with broad and deeply fissured 
rictus, beset with numerous long strong bristles. Feet small, weak. Tail of i 
twelve feathers XXII. Tyrannidce. J 
Analysis of the Families of FICARIiE. 
Secondaries only six. 
Bill tenuirostral, longer than head, nearly cylindrical. Gape constricted. 
Tongue filiform, extensile, bi-tubular. Wings long in terminal portion, ab- 
breviated proximally, acute. Plumage compact, of metallic sheen. Size 
smallest of all birds. (Humming-Birds.) . . . . XXVI. Trochilidce. yj . 
Secondaries more than six. 
Feet neither syndactyle nor zygodactyle. 
Feet semipalmate, of normal ratio of phalanges. Anterior toes con- 
nected at base by movable webbing. Hind toe very small, elevated, 
semilateral. Middle toe produced, its large claw pectinate. Bill fissi- 
rostral, with very small, triangular, depressed horny part and immense 
rictus, reaching below the eyes, furnished with bristles. Rather large. 
XXIV. Caprimulgidce.'f 
Plumage soft and lax, much variegated . 
Feet scarcely or not semipalmate, of frequently abnormal ratio of pha- 
langes (middle or outer toe, or both, with fewer joints than usual among 
birds). Hallux very small, elevated, frequently lateral or versatile. 
Middle toe not produced nor its claw pectinate. Bill much as in the 
last, but rictus unbristled. Small. Plumage compact, of few simple 
subdued colors XXV. Cyjpselidce.yJ 
Feet syndactyle by connation of outer and middle toes. 
Outer toe much longer than the inner, united for half its length with 
the middle, forming a broad sole. Tibiae naked below. Bill longer 
than head, straight, acute, 'with hard cutting edges and ample rictus. 
Tongue rudimentary, fixed. Wings pointed, much longer than the short 
square tail. Tail-feathers twelve. Plumage* compact, oily. (King- 
fishers.) XXIII. AlcedinidwV 
Feet zygodactyle by reversion of outer or fourth toe. 
Not scansorial; tail of eight or ten long soft feathers. Bill with de- 
curved tip, not fitted for hammering; rictus ample. Tongue not ex- 
