System- 
—The Artificial System of Linnaeus, is founded entirely 
on the stamens and pistils of the flower, and according 
to his arrangement, all known plants are distributed 
into different classes, orders, genera, species and varieties. 
Classes: — The classes are the first general division 
of all vegetables into twenty-four kinds, according to 
the number, or some other peculiarity of the stamens. 
Orders: — Each of the twenty-four classes, admit of 
being subdivided into orders or tribes. These orders 
are derived from a secondary characteristic. 
Genera: — The orders into which the classes are divi- 
ded, are again subdivided into genera or families. The 
genera in their turn, are derived from peculiar charac- 
ters, which many plants of the same order possess in 
common to themselves. 
Species .- — Species are a further division of a genus 
or family of plants into individual plants. 
Varieties:— With some species of plants, owing to 
soil, situation or other causes, both the leaves and 
flower are subject to variation. When this is the case, 
they are denominated varieties. 
OF THE CLASSES. 
The characters of the classes are established on six 
circumstances connected with the stamens. 
First: — The ten first classes are founded on the 
number of stamens alone ; viz. 
Monandria, 
one stamen. 
Diandria. 
two stamens. 
Triandria, 
three stamens. 
Tetrandria, 
four stamens. 
Pentandria, 
five stamens. 
Hexandria, 
six stamens. 
Heptandria, 
seven stamens. 
Octandria, 
eight stamens. 
Enneandria, 
nine stamens. 
Decandria, 
ten stamens. 
Second: — The three next classes, are established on 
the number and insertion of the stamens, as being at- 
tached to the receptacle, or to the calyx and corolla. 
Dodecandria, 12 to 19, to the receptacle. 
Icosandria, 20 to 1000, to the calyx, or corolla. 
Polyandria, 20 to 1000, to the receptacle. 
Third: — The fourteenth and fifteenth classes depend 
on the number and proportional length of the stamens. 
Didynamia, two long-, two short. 
Tetradynamia, four long, two short. 
Fourth : —The next four classes are established on a 
consideration of the stamens being united one with 
another, into one or more parcels ; and the class gy- 
nandria, from the circumstance of their being united 
to the pistil. 
Monadelphia, 
Diadelphia, 
Polyadelphia, 
Syngenesia, 
Gynandria, 
filaments united into one set. 
filaments united into two sets, 
united into three or more sets, 
anthers united into a cylinder, 
stamens rising from the pistil. 
Fifth: — The twenty-first and two following classes 
are founded on the principle of the stamens being 
separate, that is, notin the same flower, or on the same 
plant as the pistils. 
Monoecia, both on the same plant. 
Dicecia, both on two plants, 
Polygamia, both on one, two, or three plants. 
Sixth: — The last class, is constituted by those plants 
in which the stamens and pistils are concealed, or not 
perceptible to the naked eye. 
Cryptogainia concealed fructification. 
Division of the Orders: — The orders are the secon- 
dary divisions of the Linnaean system, and are esta- 
blished upon different principles. 
In the first thirteen classes they are founded on the 
number of pistils in each flower. 
Monogynia, 
one pistil. 
Digynia, 
two pistils. 
Trigynia, 
three pistils. 
Tetragynia, 
four pistils. 
Pentagynio, 
five pistils. 
Hexagynia, 
six pistils. 
Heptagynia, 
seven pistils. 
Octagynia, 
eight pistils. 
Enneag-ynia, 
nine pistils. 
Decagynia, 
ten pistils. 
Dodeeagynia, 
eleven to 19 pistils. 
Polygynia, 
twenty or more pistils. 
The orders of the class didynamia, are taken from 
the situation of the seed. 
Gymnospermia, seeds without a capsule. 
Angiospermia, seeds in a capsule. 
The orders of the classes, monadelphia, diadelphia, 
polyadelphia, and gynandria, are established on the 
number of stamens ; and consequently called by the 
same names as the classes. 
Monandria, 
one stamen. 
Diandria, 
two stamens. 
Triandria, 
three stamens. 
Polyandria, 
many stamens. 
The orders of the nineteenth class or syngenesia, 
are taken from the structure of the flower. 
Polygamia sequalis. 
stamens and pistils in ach floret 
Polygamia frustranea, 
the outer florets neutral. 
Polygamia superflua, 
only stamens in the outer florets. 
Polygamia necessaria, 
stamens central, pistils outer. 
Polygamia segregata, 
a calyx to each floret. 
In the classes monoecia and dicecia, the orders are 
taken from the number and other peculiarities of the 
stamens. 
Monandria, 
one stamen. 
Diandria, 
two stamens. 
Triandria, &c. 
three stamens, &c. 
Polyadelphia, 
stamens in three or more sets, 
In the twenty-third class, polygamia, the orders are 
established on the separation of the stamens and pistils. 
Monoecia, 
both on one plant. 
Dicecia, 
both on two plants. 
Tricecia, 
both on three plants. 
The orders of the last class, or cryptogamia, are 
five in number, and founded on the natural characters 
of each production. 
Filices, 
ferns. 
Musci, 
mosses. 
Hepaticae, 
liverworts. 
Algae, 
flags. 
Fungi, 
mushrooms. 
