Invertebrate Cave Fauna 
13 
outside of caves and even outside of karst areas and are sometimes 
called phreatobites (see Holsinger 1967a, Barr 1968) or stygobionts. 
Because some of these species occur in shallow groundwater (i.e., 
vadose water) above the zone of permanent saturation (i.e., phreatic 
water), the less restrictive designation stygobiont , now commonly used 
by European workers, is probably preferable to phreatobite. Some 
examples of non-cave habitats occupied by stygobionts include springs, 
wells, the interstitial media of small gravels either beneath a stream (= 
hyporheic or nappes fluviales) or beside a stream (= parafluvial or 
nappes phreatiques), small seeps or their outflow above the water table 
(= hypotelminorheic or nappes perchees), and outlets of drain tiles 
placed beneath cultivated fields with poor natural drainage (for further 
details see Henry 1978, Holsinger 1978, Culver 1982). 
Edaphobites are obligatory deep-soil species that occasionally occur 
in caves. Although frequently blind and weakly pigmented, edaphobites 
are usually distinguished from true troglobites by the absence of other 
troglomorphisms. This distinction is often a subtle one, however, and is 
best made between species in a carefully studied group. Endogean is 
used in a rather broad sense to designate species living in deep ground- 
litter or soil (i.e., endogean species) or the habitat type itself (i.e., 
endogean habitat). 
Cave Nomenclature 
Locations and descriptions of most of the caves cited herein 
have been published by Barr (1961) and Matthews (1971) for Tennessee 
and by Douglas (1964) and Holsinger (1975) for Virginia, or are on file 
with the Tennessee Cave Survey or the Virginia Speleological Survey. 
Most cave names are now standardized for both states, but a few are 
listed in the biological literature under different names and tend to be 
confusing. In the following list the currently accepted, standardized 
name is followed by the former name in parentheses: Banners Corner 
Cave (Big Spring Cave), Russell County; Battlefield Crystal Cave 
(Crystal Cave), Shenandoah County; Caney Sinks Cave (Sinks Cave), 
Hancock County; Cudjos Cavern (King Solomons Cave in part), Lee 
County; Endless Caverns (New Market or Zirkles Cave), Rockingham 
County; Fred Bulls Cave (Mark Smiths Cave), Montgomery County; 
Giant Caverns (Hopkins Cave), Giles County; Gilley Cave (Elys or 
Shalers Cave), Lee County [refers to Ely Cave on p. 294 in Douglas 
(1964), not Ely Cave on p. 306]; Grand Caverns (Weyers Cave), 
Augusta County; and Wills Cave (Fraleys Cave), Washington County. 
It should also be noted that we have retained the original name for 
Buck Hill Cave (Rockbridge County), which was recently commercialized 
under the name Caverns of Natural Bridge. Cassell Farm Cave No. 1 
and 2 in Tazewell County are two separate caves located very close 
