14 
John R. Holsinger and David C. Culver 
together (see Holsinger 1975), but they are frequently not differentiated 
as two caves in the older literature. In citing records from the literature 
where it was not clear which cave was intended, we have listed the 
locality as Cassell Farm Cave(s). 
The following caves have been listed in the biological literature but 
are unknown to either state’s cave survey by the name given (see also 
indication in “Review of the Fauna”): Big Stony Cave, Giles County; 
Cave No. 1 and No. 3, Pennington Gap, Lee County; Coopers (or 
Parkeys) Cave, Hancock County; Field Cave, Russell County (apparently 
not the Fields Cave in Holsinger 1975:240); Hammers Cave, Campbell 
County (possibly same as Big Hollow Cave); Mushroom Cave, Page 
County (possibly same as Ruffners Cave No. 1); Newman Ridge Cave, 
Hancock County (could be any one of several caves in Newman Ridge 
near Sneedville, Tenn.); Old Hollins Road Cave, Roanoke County: Old 
Joe’s Cave near Wingina, Buckingham County (not in study area): Sikes 
Cave, Russell County (apparently not the same as Sykes Cave in 
Holsinger 1975:259); and Water Cave (presumably in the Shenandoah 
Valley). 
REVIEW OF THE FAUNA 
Approximately 335 species of invertebrate animals, representing 
some 90 families and 173 genera, have been recorded from caves in the 
study area. An exact number is meaningless, of course, because many 
species are incompletely known taxonomically and some groups have 
been collected more intensively than others. Of the known species, 42% 
are troglobites (some questionable pending further study); 18% are 
troglophiles; 14% are trogloxenes; and the remaining 26% are marginal 
trogloxenes and accidentals. The numerical distribution of troglobitic 
and troglophilic species by taxonomic order (or subclass for arachnids) 
is given in Table 1. Of the 140 troglobitic species, 42 are aquatic and 98 
are terrestrial. 
In the following list the higher taxa (phyla, classes, orders) are 
arranged in generally accepted phylogenetic sequence. The lower taxa 
(families, genera, species) are listed alphabetically within their respective 
taxonomic groups. Species are arranged in species groups (under genera) 
where usage of these groups is well established in the recent literature. 
Some of the troglobites listed are only provisionally recognized or just 
now in the process of being described (i.e., description in manuscript or 
in press) and are therefore designated by upper case letters (viz., sp. A, 
sp. B, etc.) under their respective genera or species groups. The 
abbreviations TB, TP, TX, and AC designate troglobite, troglophile, 
trogloxene, and accidental, respectively. However, as noted in the lists, 
the ecological status of some species is questionable or provisional, and 
