32 
John R. Holsinger and David C. Culver 
taxonomic analysis, be shown to be a complex of closely related species. 
This may also be true of other species,' such as C. holsingeri and C. 
pricei. 
In addition to the troglobitic species of Caecidotea , C. intermedia 
and C. r. racovitzai are both unknown from caves except for the records 
cited below from Tazewell and Smyth counties and a record for the 
former from southern Illinois (see Lisowski 1979). Caecidotea intermedia 
is relatively common in the east-central United States and southeastern 
Canada, whereas C. r. racovitzai is relatively common in southeastern 
Canada but sparsely distributed in the east-central and northeastern 
United States (Williams 1970, Fleming 1972). The Virginia cave 
populations warrant further study, especially since they are geograph- 
ically and ecologically isolated from other localities documented for 
their respective species. 
Lirceus is commonly found in springs and occasionally in caves in 
eastern North America, but only two troglobitic species have been 
recognized to date. Both of these occur in southwestern Virginia, where 
their respective ranges (Fig. 12) are greatly delimited as indicated in the 
list below. At least one undescribed troglophile inhabits caves and 
springs in the Ward Cove karst area of Tazewell County where several 
large populations composed of very pale individuals with tiny eyes have 
been noted. 
The sole member of the family Cirolanidae in the Appalachians is 
Antrolana lira, an unusual monotypic form that is restricted to an 
isolated groundwater aquifer in Cave Hill in Augusta County (Fig. 1 1, 
13 A). This species inhabits lakes of deep phreatic water in two caves 
(Bowman 1964, Collins and Holsinger 1981, Botosaneanu et al. 1986). It 
is the only freshwater cirolanid in North America north of Texas, 
Mexico, and the West Indies, and is therefore of great interest 
zoogeographically. 
Of the four families of oniscoid isopods, only the Trichoniscidae 
contains troglobites. The remainder contain epigean species, some of 
which, however, are commonly associated with cave habitats. 
Armadillidium vulgare (family Armadillidiidae), one of the so-called 
“pill bugs” is a common, widespread epigean species sometimes found 
under damp wood in the entrance zone of caves. This species has been 
collected from a few Virginia caves. 
Ligiidae is represented in study-area caves by Ligidium elrodii , a 
species sometimes abundant on wet organic detritus flushed into caves 
by flooding. It is recorded from epigean localities in the eastern United 
States and southern Canada (Schultz 1970). In addition to the cave 
records cited below for Virginia and east Tennessee, it is recorded from 
caves in northern Arkansas, southern Illinois, northwestern Georgia, 
and southern West Virginia (Schultz 1970, Holsinger and Peck 1971, 
