40 
John R. Holsinger and David C. Culver 
were sometimes observed in streams. According to Hobbs (1972, 1974) 
at least two subspecies inhabit caves of the study area: C. b. cavatus 
Hay in the upper Tennessee River drainage of southwestern Virginia 
and eastern Tennessee, and C. b. bartonii (Fabricius) elsewhere. The 
systematic status of C. b. cavatus , however, is unclear and in need of 
further evaluation (H. H. Hobbs, Jr., pers. comm.). 
Family Astacidae 
Cambarus ( Cambarus ) bartonii (s. lat.) (Fabricius) (TP) 
Tennessee. — Hancock Co.: Cantwell Valley and Fairmont School 
caves. 
Virginia. — Alleghany Co.: Paxtons and Wares caves. Augusta Co.: 
Barterbrook Spring Cave. Bath Co.: Roy Lyle Cave. Highland 
Co.: Aqua Cave. Lee Co.: Crouse Cave. Rockbridge Co.: Billy 
Williams Cave. Russell Co.: Quillens Field Cave. Scott Co.: 
Johnson, McDavids, Riggs Chapel, and Wolfe caves. Smyth Co.: 
Atwells Tunnel Cave. Tazewell Co.: Fallen Rock, Stonely, and 
Wagoners Cave. Warren Co.: Skyline Caverns. Washington Co.: 
Hall Bottom Cave No. 1. 
Cambarus ( Jugicambarus ) dubius Faxon (AC) 
Virginia.— Russell Co.: Jessie Cave. 
Cambarus sp. 
Virginia. — Montgomery Co.: Fred Bull Cave. Tazewell Co.: Steeles 
Cave. 
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA: SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA 
All cavernicolous chelicerates are in the class Arachnida, and in the 
study area they include pseudoscorpions, acarines (mites and ticks), 
harvestmen, and spiders. A considerable number of arachnids are 
troglobites, especially spiders and pseudoscorpions. 
Subclass Pseudoscorpiones 
Although represented by a significant number of species, 
pseudoscorpions are generally very rare in a given cave, and a 
majority of the species are known only from a few individuals. 
Cavernicolous pseudoscorpions are usually found in damp places, 
frequently under rocks or small pieces of wood. In caves of Virginia and 
eastern Tennessee, they are represented by four families, six genera, and 
15 described species. Two species are provisionally recognized but 
remain undescribed to date. Most species are troglobitic. 
The family Chthoniidae contains the majority of cave species, and 
all of these are troglobites in the study area. Kleptochthonius (subgenus 
Chamberlinochthonius ) includes 10 species (2 undescribed) (see Malcolm 
