Invertebrate Cave Fauna 
41 
and Chamberlin 1961; Muchmore 1970b, 1974, 1976a), all of which are 
rare, extremely localized endemics (Fig. 15) that are morphologically 
strongly modified for cave existence (Fig. 19E). Only one species, K. 
affinis, has been recorded from more than a single cave to date. All but 
two species of Kleptochthonius from the study area occur in caves of 
the upper Tennessee drainage in southwestern Virginia and eastern 
Tennessee. Five species from this area (viz., K. affinis , K. binoculatus, 
_ K . gertschi, K. proximosetus, and K. regulus ) are very closely allied 
morphologically and were placed in a proximosetus group by Muchmore 
(1976a). Other chthoniids include two species of Apochthonius (see 
Muchmore 1963, 1967) and one species of Mundochthonius (see Benedict 
and Malcolm 1974), all highly localized in distribution (Fig. 15). 
The families Neobisiidae and Syarinidae also include troglobites — 
Microcreagris valentinei in the former and Chitrella superba in the 
latter. Both species are known only from single caves (Fig. 15) and are 
quite rare (Chamberlin 1962, Muchmore 1973). Chitrella cavicola , a 
troglophile or trogloxene recorded from Endless Caverns in Rockingham 
County, is also reported from several epigean localities in northern 
Virginia and a cave in Berkeley County, W.Va. (Muchmore 1973, Holsinger 
et al. 1976). 
The family Chernetidae is represented by a single species, 
Hesperochernes mirabilis (formerly in Pseudozaona, see Muchmore 
WEST VIRGINIA 
! Apochthonius 
1- A. coecus 
2- A^ holsinqeri 
Chitrella 
3- C. superba 
Kleptochthonius 
4- K. affinis 
5- K. anophthalmus 
6 - K. binoculatus 
7- K- gertsch i 
8- K. lutzi 
9- K. proximosetus 
10- K_. regulus 
11- tC similis 
12- tC sp. A 
13- (C sp. B 
14- (C spp. 
Microcreagris 
15- M. valentinei 
Mundochthonius 
16- M. holsinqeri 
KENTUCKY 
VIRGINIA 
0 25 50 km 
0 25 50 miles 
Fig. 15. Distribution of troglobitic pseudoscorpions ( Apochthonius , Chitrella , 
Kleptochthonius , Microcreagris , and Mundochthonius) in the study area. Two 
symbols in a circle indicate two species from the same cave. 
