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CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Introduction 1 
Recent ripple-mark 3 
General considerations 3 
Field work and methods S 
Wind ripple-mark. 8 
Asymmetrical ripple-mark 12 
Symmetrical ripple- mark . 23 
Ripple-mark of imbricated or complex pattern 29 
Interference ripple-mark. 34 
Current-mark 36 
Depth to which ripple-mark extends 38 
Fossil ripple-mark and its interpretation 43 
Fossil ripple-mark characteristics and horizons. 43 
Ripple-mark as a criterion of marine or lacustrine sediments 48 
Palaeogeographic significance of ripple-mark 53 
Order of succession indicated by ripple-mark 54 
Cross bedding 55 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Plate I, A. Ripple-mark on a sand dune near Wellington, Ont 57 
B. Ripple-mark and wind excavation around a stump on 
a sand dune near Wellington, Ont 57 
C. Margin of an advancing dune, Sand Banks, Ont 57 
II. A. Plaster cast of wind-made ripple-mark from dune near 
Wellington, Ont 59 
B. Plaster cast of curved wind-made ripple-mark from 
dune west of Port Colbome, Ont 59 
III. A. Brook with rippled surface 61 
B. Grass river, New York 61 
IV. A. Brook flowing over sand, Hemlock lake, Ottawa 63 
B. Profile view of brook shown in A. 63 
V. A and B. The bore ascending the Petitcodiac river, 
Moncton, N. B 65 
VI. A and B. High and low tide in bay of Fundy, Port 
Lome, N. S 67 
VII. A. Current ripple-mark, Windsor, N.S 69 
B. Current ripple- mark, Windsor, N.S 69 
VIII. A. Asymmetrical ripple-mark, St. Mary bay, N.S... 71 
B. Asymmetrical ripple-mark, Avon river, Windsor, N.S. . 71 
