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Burr, Kuhajda, Dimmick, and Grady 
(5) number of clutches spawned per year by a single female, (6) behavior 
and distribution of young after leaving the nest, (7) critical diurnal 
habitats, (8) movements or migrations, (9) nocturnal behaviors, and 
(10) winter habitat occurrence. Because none of this information is 
known for N. furiosus, further research is needed to ensure our ability 
to preserve and protect the species. Until propagation techniques have 
been developed for madtoms, we recommend that spawning sites of N. 
furiosus be protected and that collectors be discouraged from sampling 
prime nesting areas. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.— We are grateful to Patti A. Burr, 
Michelle J. Burr, Kevin S. Cummings, Michael A. Klutho, and Fred C. 
Rohde for aid in collecting specimens. The following curators or staff 
loaned specimens, provided laboratory space and locality information, 
and extended numerous other courtesies: Barry Chernoff, Academy of 
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia; John G. Lundburg, Duke University; 
Alvin L. Braswell, John E. Cooper, David S. Lee, and William M. 
Palmer, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh; 
Robert R. Miller and Douglas W. Nelson, University of Michigan 
Museum of Zoology; and Susan Jewett, Wayne C. Starnes, and William 
R. Taylor, National Museum of Natural History. Edward F. Menhinick, 
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, provided us with locality 
information for many records of N. furiosus. William Adams, U.S. 
Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington district, outlined major proposed 
federal projects that might adversely affect the habitat of N. furiosus. 
Frank J. Schwartz, University of North Carolina Institute of Marine 
Sciences, Morehead City, was a generous and always helpful host to 
BMB during his sabbatical leave (1983-1984). Karen Fiorino and Karen 
Schmitt, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, assisted in the 
preparation of figures. Renaldo Kuhler, North Carolina State Museum 
of Natural Sciences, prepared the illustration of Noturus furiosus. 
This project was made possible through the efforts of Richard G. 
Biggins and David S. Lee and was supported, in part, by a contract with 
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the North Carolina State Museum 
of Natural Sciences, and the SIUC Graduate School. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Ashton, Ray E., Jr. and A. L. Braswell. 1979. Nest and larvae of the Neuse 
River waterdog, Necturus lewisi (Brimley) (Amphibia: Proteidae). 
Brimleyana 1:15-22. 
Bailey, Joseph R., and Committee. 1977. Freshwater fishes. Species list. Pages 
278-280 in Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of North 
Carolina, J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson, and J. B. Funderburg, editors. 
N.C. State Mus., Raleigh. 
