120 
David S. Lee and Kenneth O. Horner 
exhausted individuals or those that were unable to keep up with the 
migrating flocks. 
Some of the hawks were observed at heights that made it difficult 
to see them without the aid of binoculars. Because of this, we believe 
that the offshore hawk movement is likely to be much more regular 
than is suggested here. Kerlinger et al. (1983) discussed raptor migration 
off the northeastern United States. 
The offshore presence of sedentary species (e.g.. Downy Wood- 
pecker) is difficult to interpret; certainly, some of these birds should be 
regarded simply as accidentals. The occurence of a “Tropical” Kingbird 
off the South Carolina coast on 1 September 1985 (Koeble, pers. 
comm.) is noteworthy and at present inexplicable. A tropical storm that 
was in the Gulf of Mexico at that time may in some way account for the 
bird’s northward displacement. The Tropical Kingbird specimen taken 
at Scarborough, Maine, early in the twentieth century is of the migra- 
tory race Tyr annus melancholicus chloronotus (A.O.U. 1957). 
Offshore movements of migrants are not limited to birds. Far 
offshore we have seen butterflies [sulphurs (Pieridae), several species; 
monarchs (Danaidae), Danus plexippus ], dragonflies [darners (Aesh- 
nidae, Anax); skimmers ( Libellula sp.); the Globe Trotter, Pantala 
flavescens , which is a cosmopolitan species], and bats. Red Bats, 
Lasiurus borealis , were seen on 21 June 1985, 2 September 1984, 9 
September 1979, and 4 November 1979. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. — We thank Wayne Irvin, Steve 
Platania, and Mary Kay Clark for assistance during offshore trips and 
Capt. Allen Foreman, Charles S. Manooch III, Richard Rowlett, Paul 
DuMont, and Tim D. Koeble for sharing unpublished records of land- 
based birds at sea. Rowlett’s records were particularly extensive and 
useful. Janet M. Williams, Sidney A. Gauthreaux, Jr., and Robert 
Dickerman reviewed a previous draft of the manuscript. Lee’s offshore 
studies were financed in part by contract #92375-1 130-621-16, U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service Laboratory, Slidell, Louisiana. 
LITERATURE CITED 
American Ornithologists’ Union. 1957. Check-list of North American Birds. 
5th ed. Baltimore, Md. 
Cherry, J. D., D. H. Doherty, and K. D. Powers. 1985. An offshore nocturnal 
observation of migrating Blackpoll Warblers. Condor 87:548-549. 
Davis, T. H. 1978. Pelagic birding trips to Cox’s Ledge from Montauk Point, 
Long Island. Kingbird 28:131-149. 
Drury, W. H., and J. A. Keith. 1962. Radar studies of songbird migration in 
coastal New England. Ibis 104:449-489. 
