66’ — 4 INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY V ERIE PR AT A, 
to the north of the province of Sikok (Shikok). The fossil is described as being 
highly mineralised, and covered with sea- shells, having probably been washed out 
of sub-marine strata.. This suggests a close analogy with the deposits of Perim 
Island. The figure leaves no doubt that the specimen is correctly referred to 8. clifti. 
Stegodon insignis, or bombifrons. — The remains of the next species of the genus, 
were obtained in the province of Omi (in the southern third of the large island), 
and are referred by the author of the memoir to 8. insignis. Erom the lowness of 
the ridge-formula of the teeth, as well as from the form of the ridges, I am myself 
rather inclined to think that these teeth should be referred to 8. bombifrons : this,, 
however, is a matter of minor moment., 
Elephas namadicus. — The remains of Elephas namadicus seem to have been 
obtained with those of the last species. 
Elephas primigenius .■ — In addition to the above there is described (p. 31) 
an upper molar of E. primigenius. Unfortunately the exact history of this tooth is 
unknown, but Dr. Naumann thinks there is little doubt that it is of Japanese origin. 
Inferences from the above. — The discovery of these three species of fossil 
Indian elephants in Japan is of the greatest interest and importance as regards 
the distribution of these animals. Erom the conclusions arrived at in the first volume 
of this work we know that two species of stegodons ( 8 . clifti and 8 . insignis ) 
ranged into China, and we must now extend the range of two species of the genus as 
far as Japan.. Elephas namadicus (unless it be the same as E. antiquus ) has not 
hitherto been known beyond India, but we must now extend its range from western 
India to central Japan. It thus seems pretty clear that the Siwalik and Narbada 
elephants ranged over a great part of India, Burma, China, and Japan. It should 
be borne in mind that the existing fauna of Japan belongs to the palsearctic region, 
while the Indian fauna belongs to the Oriental : the past distribution of these- 
fossil elephants seems to indicate a former mingling of the two faunas. 
The association of Stegodon clifti with Elephas namadicus is a point of extreme 
interest, since the former species occurs so commonly in the Burmese deposits which 
are probably low down in the Siwalik series. Stegodon insignis , if this be the 
other Japanese species, was already known from the Narbada beds. If the tooth 
of the mammoth came from the same deposits as the other Japanese remains,., 
there would be considerable probability that these deposits were of pleistocene age : 
at present we can. only say with any approach to certainty that the remains of the 
Japanese elephants belong to a period not older than the pliocene, during which 
period some of the same animals flourished in India. 1 
The above facts render it necessary that in the table given on page 284 of the 
first volume, Japan should be added to the distribution of Euelephas namadicus ,. 
Stegodon clifti, and either 8. bombifrons or 8 ; insignis. 
In the same table it should also be mentioned that Loxodon africanus- 
(African elephant) occurs also in the pleistocene of S. Europe. 
1 Dr. Naumann ( loc . cit. p. 34) goes, considering the uncertainty of origin of the mammoth tooth, rather farther 
than the facts appear to me to justify. He observes : “ Die japanischen Elephantenreste deuten auf einen Zeitabschnitt; 
hin, der, nicht weiter, als in die pliocane : Periode zuriickreiehen diirfte, iind der bis an. die jetzige Erdperiode heranreicht.” ' 
