SIWALIK AND NARBADA CARNIVORA. 
31—208 
the world with the exception of Australasia, etc., and the greater part of Africa. 
There is, however, a considerable amount of evidence indicating that bears still exist 
in North Africa, 1 and they most certainly did so in the piehistoric period. No new 
fossil species of Ursus 2 have, it is believed, been found in America, and the earliest 
appearance of the genus in Europe seems to have been in the lower pliocene (stage 
of Montpellier). 
Number oj species . — -Zoologists are still divided as to ' the number of species of 
existing bears, and more especially as to whether the black, brown, and grey bears 
of the palaearctic region should be classed under one, under three, or under more 
species. 3 Since, however, in many of these cases the majority of these so-called 
species are defined solely or mainly on the characters of the pelage, their respective 
distinctions would manifestly be inapplicable for palseontogical purposes. Accordingly 
for these purposes, without going into the question of the validity of these so-called 
species, the number of species of Ursus may be reduced to a comparatively small 
number. The following list comprises the best known of these species, with their 
more important synonomy. Under such of the species as the author has had an 
opportunity of examining, or of which there are good figures, the more important 
characters of the upper dentition, and the shape of the palate, are briefly noticed. 
The list does not include the Indian fossil species described in the sequel. Doubtful, 
or insufficiently described species are indicated by an asterisk : — 
1. Ursus americanus, 4 Pallas. Recent, N. America. 
(?) U. cinnamomeus. Baird. (?) Euardos cinnamomeus. Gray. 
U. gularis. 5 Geof. , Euardos americanus. Gray. 
(?) U. luteolus. H. Smith. Helardos (?) nasutus. Gray.* 
U. nasutus . 6 Scl. 
In this species the cheek-teeth are of moderate size and normal ; the tubercle of 
the carnassial is generally well developed ; the premolars are separated from one 
another and the palate is flat and narrow. 
2. Ursus arctos, Lin. Recent and pleistocene, palaearctic. 
U. cadavarinus. Evsm. 
U. collaris. F. Cuv. 
(?) U. eversmanni. Gray. 
U. falcularis. Reichenb. 
U. formicarius. Evsm. 
U. fuscus. Alb. Mag. 
var. a. (J. isabellinus. Horsf. 
(?) U. lasiotus. Gray. 
(? vary U. leuconyx. Sevzt. . 
U. longirostris. Schinz. 
(J. niger. Goldf. 
U. norveygicus. F. Cuv. 
(? vary U. pruinosus. Blyth.- 
U. pyrenaicus. F, Cuv. 
var. b. U. syriacus. Hemp, and Ehr. 
(?) Myrmardos eversmanni. Gray. 
A moderately sized species with- the cheek-teeth relatively large ; m. 2 is as long 
as the two preceding teeth; pm. 4 relatively large, with the main inner cusp 
very large, and placed posteriorly, and a minute trace of the anterior cusp. The 
l See Busk, op. cit., pp. 73-4. 2 Ursus brasiliensis and U. bonariensis are probably Arctotherium. 
3 See L. J. Eitzinger, ‘ ‘ Untersuchungen liber die Artberechtigung einiger seither mit dem gemeinen Baren (Ursus 
arctos) vereinigt gewesenen Formen,” ‘ Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wissens,’ vol. LXXXI V. , pt. I., 1881. 
4 Blainville, “ Osteograpbie ” Genus Ursus, pi. XII. 5 1 Pro. Zool. Soc. Lon.,’ 1871, p. 232. 
6 Ibid. 
