229—52 INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY YERTEBRATA. 
The second specimen exhibits the great width of the tubercle of pm. 4 very 
characteristically. 
Mandible . — In figures 1, la, of plate XXXI. of the present memoir there are given 
•two views of a nearly complete mandible belonging to the present genus which is 
of very great importance, since this and the fragment represented in figure 2 of the 
same plate, are the only known specimens exhibiting the complete lower carnassial. 
The nearly complete mandible is the specimen alluded to on page 33 of the Xth 
volume of the “ Records,” and was obtained by Mr. Theobald from the Siwaliks of 
Asnot, in the Punjab : it is now in the Indian Museum (No. D. 8). The general 
similarity of the specimen to the mandible of Hycenarctos sivalensis leaves not the 
slightest doubt but that it belongs to that genus. The almost unworn condition of the 
molars, the precise similarity in the mineralogical condition of the specimens, and the 
fact of their having been obtained from the same locality (though not in the same 
season) leaves little donbt in the mind of the writer that the mandible belonged to the 
same individual as the upper molars represented in figure 2 of plate XXX. Be this, 
however, as it may, the -specimens having been obtained from the same locality, and 
both (as will be shown below) differing from the corresponding parts of H. sivalensis , 
and agreeing precisely in size and general characters it is tolerably certain that they 
belong to the same species. 
This magnificent specimen comprizes the nearly complete horizontal ramus of 
either side ; the only damage it has sustained being that the summit of the right 
canine has been hammered off, and two fragments broken out of the left ramus : 
these imperfections have been restored in the figure, in which the left ramus is shown 
only in outline. Behind the canine the specimen shows the base of a small and 
closely approximated premolar, which must probably be regarded as the homologue 
of the second premolar of II. sivalensis, although differently placed. Behind this 
tooth there is a long ‘ diastema,’ and then comes the single alveolus of a tooth which 
must correspond to the third premolar. Behind this there is the broken base of a 
considerably larger tooth, which, as preceding the carnassial (mTT), must be pm. 4: 
this tooth about equalled in size the corresponding tooth of H. sivalensis. 
The carnassial (m. l)- is a very large tooth which requires somewhat minute 
description. In the first place this tooth renders it certain that the much-worn long 
tooth in the lower jaw of II. sivalensis is the carnassial, and not, as Prof. Owen 
considered, the second true molar. The tooth consists of a blade bearing two distinct 
outer lobes, or cusps (b, c), and an inner cusp (a), behind which is a tubercular 
portion, which may be most conveniently termed the talon. 1 The two main lobes of 
the blade are tall, with true sectorial edges. Comparing this tooth with the carnassial 
of the true bears, such as U. arctos, it will be found that it differs by its much greater 
l There is a slight difficulty in the comparative nomenclature of this part of the lower carnassial. In the true hears it 
is scarcely differentiated from the blade, while in the hysenas, when present at all, it is reduced to an unimportant talon. In 
the dogs and Hycenarclos it is intermediate between the two. As it is the practice to term this part a talon in the hysenas, it 
is best to adopt the same nomenclature for the other' genera. 
