235—58 INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
Specimens. 
H. punjabiensis. 
Depth at pm. 4 . 
1-72 
.. 2-24 
„ ,, m. 1 
1-6 
2-15 
Length of pm. 4 
0-9 
Width „ „ „ 
0-52 
Length ,, m. 1 
1-68 
Width ,,,,,, 
0-83 
0-84 
Length ,, ,, 2 
1*15 
1-25 
Width „ „ „ 
0-89 
.. 0-9 
These dimensions show that this mandible is much more slender than that of 
E. punjabiensis ; while the carnassial and m.2 are slightly, and pm. 4 is very consider- 
ably, smaller than the corresponding teeth of that species. The latter tooth is 
triangular in outline, and lias a compressed conical crown, with fore-and-aft trenchant 
edges : it lacks the distinct talons of the same tooth in II. swalensis. Though 
relatively larger, it much resembles the corresponding tooth of some species of Ursas 
(e.g. U. torquatus ) ; and is almost precisely similar to its homologue in Cephalogale} It 
differs from pm. 4 of Canis by the absence of the two posterior talon-cusps. Besides 
these differences in size the specimens differ from both the other Siwalik species, by 
the third premolar (pm. 3), as shown by its alveoli, having had two fangs, in place 
of a single one. In this respect this mandible differs from Ursus and agrees with 
Cephalogale and Cams : the corresponding tooth of Dinocyon is unknown. In com- 
parison with E. punjabiensis the carnassial has its blade shorter in proportion to the 
talon portion ; and on the inner side of the latter one of the two cusps ( immediately 
to the left of a , fig. 2) is very much larger, — being nearly of the same size as the 
postero-internal cusp of the blade (a). The second true molar (fig. 3) has its cusps 
rather more boldly developed than in the corresponding tooth of H. punjabiensis , but 
is otherwise similar. The most remarkable point about the specimen containing m72 
is, however, that behind that tooth (left side of fig. 3), there is not the slightest trace of 
the alveolus of m~3. The jaw is unfortunately somewhat broken at the place where 
that tooth should have been inserted, but enough remains to show that it must have 
been either completely absent, or reduced to an exceedingly minute size. The total 
suppression, or minute size of this tooth, is a character totally unknown in Ursus , 
but occurs among the modern dogs ( Gy on ). 
Another noteworthy character of the specimen, and one in which it agrees more 
nearly with the true dogs than with any of the present group of animals, is the 
comparative slenderness of the mandible. It will be observed that the depth of the 
mandible only slightly exceeds the length of the carnassial ; whereas in Ursus and 
the other species of Eywnarctos the former dimension is very greatly in excess of 
the latter. In Dinocyon and Cephalogale very similar relations prevail, but in Canis 
and its allies the depth of the mandible is generally either equal to, or less than 
( C . aureus) the length of the carnassial. The generalized genus Cynodictis is inter- 
mediate in this respect. 
Filhol, op. cit., pi. IX., fig. 3. 
