SIWALIK AND NARBADA CARNIVORA. 
87—264 
the same writer, 1 is readily distinguished by the form of pm. 4 , which is set very 
obliquely, and remarkable for the great size of its inner tubercle. 
In the pleistocene Ganis neschernensis, Christol 2 (if a good species), is distinguished 
by its more slender mandible ; and C. lupus seems to be the only other wolf equal in 
size to the Siwalik species. In the pre-historic period various large dogs have 
received the names of C. familiaris spalleli , 0. f palustris, C. f matris-optimce , C. mi/cii, 
etc., and seem to be related to the wolf, jackal, etc. 3 
In North America species resembling the modern wolves and dogs are, as already 
said, known in the upper miocene. One of these is referred by Prof. Cope 4 to 
C. lupus , Linn., but from the context it would seem that one of the living American 
wolves is the one with which the fossil is identified if the identification be correct 
the persistence of a miocene mammal is highly remarkable. C. wheeler ianus? Cope, 
G. ursinus, 5 Cope, and C. hay deni f Leidy, from the same formation are distinguished 
from the Siwalik wolf by their much greater depth of jaw ; and it is not improbable 
that the two latter may belong to Ampliicyon. Most of the other fossil American 
species of Ganis are smaller than C. lupus ; but a lower jaw from the pliocene has 
been described by Prof. Leidy under the name of G. indianensis , 6 and said to belong to a 
large wolf, which may be the same as C. occidentalis. The angular process of this 
jaw is quite different from that of the Siwalik fossil. 
Conclusions. — From the foregoing comparisons it appears that the Siwalik wolf 
cannot be certainly identified with any described form, although in many respects it 
was closely related to the existing wolves of the Old World. Under these circum- 
stances the name of Ganis cautleyi may be retained. The occurrence of this fossil in 
the Siwaliks is one of extreme importance in regard to the pliocene age of at least a 
large portion of those deposits, for, as has been already shown, in the tertiaries of 
Europe, with which the Siwaliks are in many respects closely allied, true wolves are 
unknown before the pliocene ; though they are said to occur in the upper 
miocene of N. America. The total absence of all forms of true Ganis from the 
Pikenni deposits is a very noteworthy fact. 
Distribution. — The specimens described above are the only known remains which 
can be referred to the present species ; and were all obtained from the typical Siwalik 
Hills. 
Species 3. Canis, non. det. 
Maxilla. — In figure 2 of plate XXXII. there is represented a fragment of the 
right maxilla of a species of Ganis from the typical Siwaliks, in the collection of the 
British Museum. The specimen shows the alveolus of pm. 3 - the carnassial ( pm. 4 ), 
with the summits of the lobes hammered off ; and m. 2 , of which the inner cingulum 
l Ibid, pi. XIV., fig. 20.’ 2 Blainville, “ Osteographie,” Genus Canis, pi. XIII. 
3 See Bourguignat, op. cit., and Woldrich, * Mitth. Anthrop. Ges. Wien,’ vol. XI., pt. I., 1881. 
4 “Kep. IT! S. Geog. Survey, W. of 100th Meridian,” vol. IV., p. 302. 5 Cope, op. cit., p. 301., et. seq. 
6 Leidy, “ Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories,” p. 230, pi. XXXI. 
