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Annual Address by the President. 11 
mainly to the greater assortment of mechanical appliances he possesses. 
Labor is beginning to appreciate the fact that the introduction of labor 
saving machinery does not necessarily mean that workmen will be 
thrown ont of employment, but rather that the character of their work 
will be changed to a higher type at more advanced wages, usually, and 
that those whom machinery has displaced will be needed for other forms 
of work that are constantly springing up under the touch of applied sci- 
ence. 
Before applied science had demonstrated the value of scientific work, 
it was almost impossible for any form of research work to receive sub- 
stantial recognition of its value. Financial aid was needed, but was not 
forthcoming. At the present time the situation is improved, and 
national governments maintain departments and bureaus that are 
engaged in research work in pure as well as in applied science. Accord- 
ing to Dr. Charles W. Dabney the United States, in 1897, had all told 
twenty-eight different agencies scattered through the various depart- 
ments, engaged in scientific work. Our law makers do not confine their 
appropriations to work for utilitarian ends only, for to the average man 
the collection and preservation of fossil remains, or studies in ethnology, 
can have no apparent relation to useful ends. The value of investiga- 
tions that relate to material affairs is easily understood and appreciated 
by all, but with the other class of investigations it is different. People 
have come to understand, however, that it is not possible always to say 
wherein a certain investigation may be useful, nor what unexpected 
application may be made, of some apparently non-utilitarian discovery. 
Biological investigations upon the habits of parasites may have no mean- 
ing to the unscientific man, but when he has been shown that it is 
through such investigations 'that the agency of the tick in transmitting 
Texas fever among cattle was discovered, he can appreciate the value of 
the investigations carried on by the veterinarian of our experiment sta- 
tion. The results of these investigations has been to lead up to inocula- 
tion as a means of warding off the fatal effects of this fever. Where 
formerly from sixty to one hundred per cent, of cattle that were brought 
in from points north of a certain line were lost, less than ten per cent, 
of the cases that are taken promptly in hand now prove fatal. In like 
manner the recent Havana investigations upon yellow fever, and the 
agencies by which it is transmitted, appears to have fastened the blame 
upon a particular species of mosquito, and may point a way to immuniza- 
tion, or at least to prevention and control of this disease. The same may 
also be true of malaria. 
In educational matters one would naturally think that the importance 
of science would have been most readily appreciated, but the history of 
education shows clearly what opposition and prejudice had to be over- 
come before science was accorded recognition even in the universities, 
